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Why Syria Is not Next . . . so far [With Arabic Translation]
[Image from author's archive]
As millions of Arabs stir their respective countries with demonstrations and slogans of change and transition, certain Arab states have been generally spared, including some oil rich countries and Syria. Syria stands out as a powerful regional player without the benefit of economic prosperity and with a domestic political climate that leaves a lot to be desired. Some say it combines the heavy-handedness of the Tunisian regime, the economic woes of Egypt, the hereditary rule aspects of Morocco and Jordan, and a narrower leadership base than any other country across the Arab world. Why, then, is all relatively quiet on the Syrian front?
We can delude ourselves by resorting to facile explanations related to the threat of severe coercion facing a potential uprising in Syria—which certainly does exist. But the reality of the matter is more complex. To begin with, one must account for the unexpected: a clumsy incident involving a disproportionately brutal reaction against civilians, even in Syria, will spin structural variables out of control.
“Syria is not Egypt”
Any cursory review of the Syrian press, or the press on Syria, reveals that many Syrians empathize with the grievances of their rebellious Arab brethren and share many of them. This includes those who actually protested in small numbers and were harassed and/or beaten on Friday, February 4th, the planned “Day of Anger” in Syria, and during the few days prior. Other sporadic incidents took place in the past few weeks, but none rose to the level of an explicit anti-regime demonstration, as happened in Egypt and elsewhere. This puts Syria in stark contrast with Egypt.
Egyptian protesters grew in courage gradually as civil society snatched gains such as degrees of freedom of the press, freedom of speech, and freedom of organization and contestation by truly independent political parties, not least among whom is the Muslim Brotherhood, even if by proxy. On the other hand, Syrian civil society does not enjoy nearly the same measures of liberty. Syrian President Bashar al-Assad was correct in saying that Syria is not Egypt in a January 31 Wall Street Journal interview. The reverse is equally true.
As repressive as the government of former President Hosni Mubarak might have been, Egypt’s public space was much more open than that of Syria. Independent papers, parties, and political activists have proliferated in Egypt for the better part of the past decade, gaining adherents and mobilizing supporters via various forms of networking. With time, the components of, and room for, collective action have broadened considerably. Between 2004 and 2010 more than 6,000 small- and medium-sized protests took place throughout Egypt, most of them labor protests. Over the past decade in Egypt, these led to a level of individual and group empowerment—as well as re-politicization of the society—from which Syrians are quite removed.
In addition, while social polarization and poverty are increasing in Syria and social safety nets are deteriorating, the overall socioeconomic conditions are nowhere near those endured in Egypt. Furthermore, the heterogeneity of Syrian society (in terms of politics, region, community, sect, and ethnicity) exacerbates divisions among those affected and discourages cohesion among the opposition. Snowballing demonstrations that would dramatically raise the cost of brutal reaction in Syria are thus unlikely for the time being. As matters stand today, the calculus of the ordinary Syrian does not favor going to the streets – absent an unexpected incident of regime brutality, of course.
…Nor is it Tunisia or Libya
Individual and group decisions are not motivated solely by social connectivity, legal permissiveness, and collective action. Otherwise, Tunisia’s revolt would have not seen the light of day, as Tunisians dwelled in a security atmosphere intolerant of independent organization and collective action, much like Syria’s today. But Tunisia’s state, regime, and government did not overlap nearly as much as those of Syria do, and certainly the Tunisian coercive apparatuses and army were not as closely knit around the heights of power as they are in Syria. As a result, expecting the Syrian army/security services to jettison al-Assad as their Tunisian counterparts did to Ben Ali is simply a non-starter.
At the same time, despite the existence within both the Libyan and Syrian regimes of a will and rationale to fight for survival, state-society relationships in Syria are much thicker than those of Libya, where detachment at the top has reached delusional levels. For instance, the Syrian regime has promoted a new cross-sectarian business class often with considerable roots in traditional city quarters. If something is afoot in Syria, however, it is likely to come from the northern cities.
The “Resistance” Factor
Discussions of Syria’s vulnerability to internal protests often posit Damascus’s resistance status to explain why Syria will be spared: i.e., that because of Syria’s confrontational stance toward Israel and the United States’ brutal policies in the region, the regime enjoys a form of Arab nationalist legitimacy. In particular, Syria’s support for Hezbollah and Hamas is considered a unique and legitimate tool for manifesting such confrontation to imperialism. After all, President Bashar al-Assad polls quite well throughout the region compared to other Arab leaders, and enjoys significant popularity among various segments of Syrian society.
Still, overemphasizing the regime “resistance legitimacy” is problematic on two counts: first, even in Egypt, where Mubarak was viewed as a U.S. protégé and Israel’s accomplice, the demonstrators did not make that point a major issue. Second, the region is entering a new era in which Syria’s confrontational stance might become less unique, as Egypt and other Arab governments take more independent positions and withdraw from the strong U.S. orbit.
It is difficult to make blanket predictions due to the constant dynamism of the factors involved. While Syria’s confrontational positions regarding Israel and the United States might be increasingly popular in the region, the citizens of democratizing Arab states will want governments that are more responsive to them regarding domestic as well as foreign policies. The Syrian government will face this growing demand in due time. For now many factors weigh against revolution in Syria, barring an extraordinary event such as an excessively violent regime reaction to a demonstration or other incident. Observers would be wise not to hold their breath.
لماذا يُستبعَد أن تكون سوريا هي التالية . . . حتى إشعار آخر
فيما يحرّك ملايين العرب بلدانهم رافعين شعارات تطالب بالتغيير والتحوّل، ظلّت بعض البلدان العربية بمنأى عن الاحتجاجات في شكل عام، وبينها بعض البلدان الغنية بالنفط إلى جانب سوريا. تبرز سوريا لاعبة إقليمية نافذة مع العلم بأنها لا تنعم بالازدهار الاقتصادي ويسودها مناخ سياسي تشوبه نواقص وعيوب كثيرة. البعض يقول إنها تجمع بين الوطأة الثقيلة للنظام التونسي والمصاعب الاقتصادية لمصر وأوجه الحكم الوراثي في المغرب والأردن، هذا إلى جانب قيادة ذات قاعدة أضيق من تلك التي تنطلق منها أي قيادة أخرى في العالم العربي. إذن لماذا يعمّ الهدوء نسبياً على الجبهة السورية؟
قد نخدع أنفسنا باللجوء إلى تفسيرات سهلة تشير إلى خطر القمع الشديد الذي تواجهه أي انتفاضة محتملة في سوريا – وهو خطر موجود بالتأكيد. بيد أن واقع الأمر أكثر تعقيداً. وقبل الدخول في هذا النقاش، لا بد من توضيح مهم. يجب التحسّب دائماً للتطوّرات غير المتوقّعة، فمن شأن سوء تقدير يؤدّي إلى رد غير متكافئ على المدنيين يُستخدَم فيه العنف المفرط، أن يتسبّب، حتى في سوريا، بخروج متغيّرات بنيوية عن السيطرة في هذه الأجواء الإقليمية المشحونة.
سوريا ليست مصر
تكشف أي مراجعة سريعة للصحافة السورية أو المقالات والأخبار المنشورة في الصحف عن سوريا، أن عدداً كبيراً من السوريين يتعاطفون مع مظالم وثورات إخوانهم العرب ويشاركونهم بعضها. ومنهم السوريون الذين تظاهروا بأعداد صغيرة وتعرّضوا للمضايقات أو الضرب في الرابع من فبراير/شباط الذي كان مقرّراً أن يكون "يوم الغضب" في سوريا، وخلال الأيام القليلة التي سبقته. ووقعت حوادث أخرى متفرِّقة في الأسابيع القليلة الماضية، لكن أياً منها لم يرقَ إلى مستوى تظاهرة علنية وواضحة ضد النظام، كما حصل في مصر وأماكن أخرى. وذلك يضع سوريا في تناقد واضح مع مصر.
تحلّى المتظاهرون المصريون بمزيد من الشجاعة مع انتزاع المجتمع المدني مكاسب عدّة مثل حرية الصحافة وحرية الرأي والإتاحة للاعبين سياسيين مستقلّين بكل معنى الكلمة، أبرزهم الإخوان المسلمون، مساحة للتنظّم والتنافس – وإن كان عبر الإنابة. كان الرئيس السوري بشار الأسد محقاً في تصريحه في مقابلة مع صحيفة وول ستريت جورنال في 31 يناير/كانون الثاني بأن سوريا ليست مصر. والعكس صحيح.
رغم أن نظام الرئيس المصري السابق حسني مبارك كان شديد القمع، لكن المساحة العامة في مصر كانت أكثر انفتاحاً بكثير منها في سوريا. فقد انتشرت الصحف المستقلة والأحزاب وتعزّز حضور الناشطين السياسيين في مصر في الجزء الأكبر من العقد الماضي، مما أتاح لهم استقطاب الأتباع وتعبئة الأنصار من خلال أشكال متعدّدة من التواصل الشبكي. ومع مرور الوقت، توسّعت مقوّمات التحرّك الجماعي والفسحة المتاحة له إلى حد كبير. فبين عامَي 2004 و2010، شهدت مصر ما يزيد عن 6000 احتجاج متوسّط وصغير الحجم، ومعظمها احتجاجات عمّالية، مما خلق مستوى معيّناً من التمكين الفردي والجماعي خلال العقد المنصرم – وأطلق عملية إعادة تسييس المجتمع – وهو ما ليس موجوداً إلى حد كبير في سوريا.
فضلاً عن ذلك، وعلى الرغم من تفاقم الاستقطاب الاجتماعي والفقر وتدهور شبكات الأمان الاجتماعي في سوريا، فإن الظروف الاقتصادية والاجتماعية لا تُشبه أبداً تلك التي يعاني منها المصريون في الإجمال. كما أن عدم تجانس المجتمع السوري (لناحية السياسة والمنطقة والجماعة والمذهب والإتنية) يزيد من حدّة الانقسامات ويحول دون أن يكون هناك تماسك في صفوف المعارضة. ولذلك من المستبعد حدوث تظاهرات في سوريا يكون لها مفعول كرة الثلج وتتسبّب بردود فعل عنيفة جداً من جانب النظام. كما تقف الأمور اليوم، حسابات الفرد السوري لا تحبّذ النزول الى الشارع إلا مع حصول حادثة همجية غير متوقعة من قبل النظام.
... ولا هي تونس أو ليبيا
القرارات الفردية والجماعية لا يُحفِّزها فقط التواصل الاجتماعي والسماح القانوني والتحرّك الجماعي. وإلا ما كانت الثورة التونسية لترى النور، إذ إن التونسيين كانوا يعيشون في أجواء أمنية لا تُجيز التنظيمات المستقلّة والتحرّكات الجماعية، كما هو الحال في سوريا إلى حد كبير. بيد أن الدولة والنظام والحكومة في تونس لا تتداخل بالقدر نفسه الذي نجده في سوريا، ومن المؤكّد أن أجهزة القمع والجيش في تونس لم تكن متلاحمة حول رأس السلطة كما في سوريا. ولذلك، ليس وارداً أن يتخلّى الجيش والأجهزة الأمنية السورية عن الأسد كما فعل نظراؤهم التونسيون مع بن علي.
في الوقت نفسه، بالرغم من وجود نية ومنطق للمحاربة عند قادة النظام السوري، كما يفعل نظراؤهم الليبيون، فإن علاقة التجاذب بين النظام السوري ومجتمعه أعمق بكثير من العلاقة ما بين النظام الليبي ومجتمعه، حيث يوجد إنشطار كبير في الطبقات القيادية العليا المتوهمة. على سبيل المثال، عزز النظام السوري طبقة من التجّار عابرة للطوائف وفي معظم الأحوال متجذرة في جهات تقليدية من المجتمع – وإن كان ليحصل تحرّك في سوريا فمن المحتمل أن يأتي من المدن الشمالية.
عامل "المقاومة"
عند الحديث عن احتمال اندلاع احتجاجات داخل سوريا، غالباً ما تتم الإشارة إلى موقف دمشق المقاوِم لتعليل الأسباب التي تجعلها بمنأى عن مثل هذه الانتفاضات، والمقصود بذلك موقف المواجهة السوري ضد السياسات الغاصبة لإسرائيل والولايات المتحدة في المنطقة الذي يمنح النظام شكلاً من أشكال الشرعية القومية العربية. وفي شكل خاص، يُعتبَر دعم سوريا لحزب الله وحماس أداة فريدة وشرعية أبان مواجهة الامبريالية. فاستمرّ الرئيس بشار الأسد، لفترة على الأقل، في تسجيل نسب جيدة في استطلاعات الرأي في مختلف أنحاء المنطقة مقارنة بالقادة العرب الآخرين ويتمتع بتأييد بارز من عدد من الركائز الشعبية السورية
ومع ذلك، لا يمكن الركون بالمطلق إلى مسألة شرعية المقاومة، وذلك انطلاقاً من معطيَين اثنين: أولاً، حتى في مصر حيث كان مبارك يُعتبَر رجل الولايات المتحدة وشريك إسرائيل المتواطئ معها، لم تكن هذه نقطة أساسية بالنسبة إلى المتظاهرين. ثانياً، تدخل المنطقة حقبة جديدة حيث يمكن أن يصبح موقف المواجهة السوري أقل فرادة، مع اتّخاذ مصر وحكومات عربية أخرى مواقف أكثر استقلالية وانسحابها من الفلك الأمريكي الصلب.
من الصعب الإحاطة بالعلاقات السببية إذ إن العوامل المعنيّة تتغيّر بصورة ديناميكية. صحيح أن مواقف المواجهة التي تتّخذها سوريا ضد إسرائيل والولايات المتحدة تلقى ربما شعبية متزايدة في المنطقة، لكن مواطني الدول العربية السائرة على طريق الديمقراطية سيرغبون في حكومات أكثر تجاوباً معهم في سياساتها الداخلية والخارجية. سوف يصطدم النظام السوري بهذا المطلب عندما يحين الوقت. أما في الوقت الراهن، فهناك عوامل عدّة تحول دون اندلاع ثورة في سوريا، إلا إذا وقع حدث استثنائي مثل لجوء النظام إلى العنف المفرط في ردّه على تظاهرة أو حادثة ما. إذن الأجدى بالمراقبين ألا يحبسوا أنفاسهم.
This post is published in agreement with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace's Arab Reform Bulletin. http://www.carnegieendowment.org/arb/
6 comments for "Why Syria Is not Next . . . so far [With Arabic Translation]"
"This includes those who actually protested in small numbers and were harassed and/or beaten on Friday, February 4th, the planned “Day of Anger” in Syria, and during the few days prior."
Correction, no one showed up in that so-called "Day of Anger" so no one got beaten up on Friday.
Those who were beaten up were at the sit-in in Bab Touma gathered in solidarity with Egyptian revolution. Another sit-in where protesters were beaten up even got arrested was in front of the Libyan embassy. This is an important point to try to understand why Syrians did not show up on that sectarian and stupid "Day of Anger".
You demonstrated reasons why Syria is not Egypt, Tunisia nor Libya, but did not demonstrate why there are no demonstrations in Syria thus far. In other words, understanding the situation in Syria requires a more in-depth analysis of Syria itself than simply comparing the country to other realities.
Another correction, I really really would love it if "experts" on Syria stop saying that the president is popular. He may be so for Arabs, but not to the Syrian people.
Dear Razan, thank you for your note. I appreciate your enthusiasm but If you re-read the sentence you're commenting on, it refers to both February 4th "and during the few days prior," including the February 2nd incident in Baab Touma-- the link in the post takes you to that story but you have to click on it.
The sentence also reads "harassed and/or beaten," whereby beaten refers to the Baab Touma incident, and the small numbers who showed up on the albeit problematic "day of anger" were indeed harassed. It is hateful to say "no one showed up" just because one thinks it was a sectarian call, and equally inaccurate to say "many did" (as some opposition members claimed).
As to your claim that I did not demonstrate why there are no demonstrations in Syria thus far, that's a bit unfair. First, you can't "demonstrate" a negative. One can try to speculate about the reasons why we have not seen large-scale demonstrations, which includes the threat of reprisal (in term of individual calculus) and the question of collective action, both of which are addressed in this short piece which, admittedly, aimed at starting a discussion not ending it. مش رح نفتيها هون ب ٩٠٠ كلمة
Finally, regarding your last "correction," I would like to encourage you to take pause when you level critique especially at a public text. The post does not make a blanket statement about the president being popular, it refers to segments of the population who view him as such. Anyone familiar with Syria knows that there is support (often intense) among various groups for Bashar al-Asad, regardless of the reasons now. The mention of "the Syrian people" is too often appropriated by the regime or the opposition to ends that do not serve good analysis. I am not interested in bombast. The comment in the post was made in reference to a particular comparative context. The whole point of the post, Razan, is that the domestic policies of the regime are problematic, and that's not something that happens when the the leadership is popular across the board.
If you would like to enrich the discussion by adding your observations regarding the lack of mass demonstrations in Syria, please do not deprive us. We are all ears dear.
Please Note: in my comment above the word "hateful" appeared as a typo in the second paragraph, as i meant to write "hasty." Thanks to Sara for alerting me as the sentence did not make sense with "hateful" in it. Also, apologies to Razan who must have read it as "hateful."
This is a comprehensive and seemingly informed article (I say “seemingly” because I’m not sure Mr. is an expert on all the four countries in question). However, Mr. approach is rather mechanical and one-sided. It consists of systematically going over all the possible differences (some significant, some quite incidental) between Syria and the other three other countries, toward the unavoidable and preset conclusion: Syria will not rise. Yet, if the last three months of uprisings all over the Arab World has taught us anything, it is that there is a vast undercurrent of resentment everywhere, which, at the right moment, erupts in various forms, depending on each country’s own circumstances and history. One could make the argument that Egypt will not follow Tunisia, or that Libya will not follow the previous two countries, based on similar lists of all possible differences among these countries. It would have been much more useful if the author examined the possible scenarios of change (or lack thereof) in Syria, based on an analysis of the internal dynamics of the country itself—its political structure, economic and social mechanisms, etc., instead of merely cataloguing differences with the other three countries (not to mention places like Bahrain, Yemen, and even Jordan), making it look like Syria is a unique case somehow.
Thanks Tarek for your note. I am not sure you recognized the purpose of this ~900-word piece, which is certainly not to provide "the possible scenario of change (or lack thereof) in Syria, based on an analysis of the internal dynamics" of "its poltical structure, economic and social mechanisms, etc." This would take, well, a very long piece. But that does not mean i'm not responsible for what i wrote. I stand behind it as statement about Syria not likely to be "NEXT." This does not rule out change--which is imminent. It is primarily a response to what was circulating a few weeks ago about Syria following Egypt.
I have no idea what to make of some of your critiques (i.e., "rather mechanical and one-sided"), as i don't know what you mean by "one-sided," especially when you explicitly reduce what i'm saying to "Syria will not rise." As stated clearly above, and certainly in the piece, I am not saying that. Again, i'm not sure what to make of this reductionism, but perhaps it helps make your portrayal of my argument legitimate. There are better ways to do that. For instance, one can challenge my claim about the overlapping authorities in Syria, as opposed to Tunis, or that Syrians are less inclined to demonstrate en mass without prior violent provocation, as did the Egyptians. I tried to learn from what you would like a good argument to look like based on a critique of my argument, not your portrayal of it.
Finally, the tired refrain that we can't tell who's going to be next is true, but that does not mean that all contenders are equally likely to be next. This collapsing of analysis in the name of denying the ability to predict is paralyzing and unimaginative. I addressed that in a back and forth on Syria Comment, where Josh Landis re-posted this piece. I'm not just saying that Syria will not follow Egypt, as you gather below, I'm saying it is not likely to do so, and here's why . . . If my reasoning is inadequate, it would appreciate your constructive commentary, from which i can benefit, whether or not you are an "expert" on Syria.
I am sure you noted the demonstrations on Friday. They are quite significant. My argument is that unless the regime suppresses these demonstrations in a quite violent and brutal manner (far more than what the Egyptian regime dealt the protesters), the demonstrations will not lead to a successful Egypt- or Tunisia-like revolt for the reasons i stated. I could be wrong, especially that a good deal of psychological factors play a role that is not always accessible/visible.
And please tell me who is "Mr."
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If Gaddafi falls, Al-Assad will be next. We'd understand that the regime uses the fake concept of "resistance" as opium for the people, but why do you think the people themselves would believe that?