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الإخوان المسلمون: سنوات ما قبل الثورة
يحوي كتاب "الإخوان المسلمون: سنوات ما قبل الثورة" للباحث الراحل حسام تمام (دار الشروق 2012)، مجموعة من الدراسات المتعلقة بجماعة الإخوان المسلمين المصرية وتحولاتها السياسة والاجتماعية قبيل ثورة يناير، ولا تُعنى هذه الدراسات التي تمثل خلاصة فكر حسام تمام ورؤيته في النظر إلى الحركة الإسلامية والإسلام السياسي، لا تعنى بتطور العلاقة بين الإخوان والنظام المصري خاصة في الفترة (2005-2011) والتي تشكل المرحلة الأخيرة لنظام مبارك، بل تهدف إلى رصد وتحليل تفاعلات الجماعة الداخلية والتحولات التي لحقت بها تنظيمياً وأيديولوجياً وتكوينياً، وتصلح النتائج التي خرج بها تمام من مجموع هذه الدراسات والمقالات التي تعكس بصيرته البحثية النافذة لأن تقدم لنا إطاًرا لفهم سلوك الجماعة ...
Keep Reading »زكريا محمد: ديانة مكة في الجاهلية: كتاب الحمس والطلس والحلة
[“كتب” هي سلسلة جديدة على صفحات “جدلية” نستضيف فيها المؤلفين والمؤلفات في حوار حول أعمالهم الجديدة ونرفقه بفصل من الكتاب. وباكورة السلسلة حوار مع الشاعر والباحث الفلسطيني زكريا محمد.] “ديانة مكة في الجاهلية: كتاب الحمس والطلس والحلة” زكريا محمد (عمان، الدار الأهلية، ٢٠١٢) - كيف تبلورت فكرة الكتاب وما الذي قادك نحو الموضوع؟ - الكتاب الجديد متابعة لكتابي السابقين عن ديانة العرب قبل الإسلام: “عبادة إيزيس وأوزيريس في مكة الجاهلية” و”ذات النحيين: الأمثال الجاهلية بين الطقس والأسطورة”. الكتاب الأول ركز على أسس هذه الديانة، وعلى علاقتها بديانات المنطقة. الكتاب الثاني كان حفراً في هذه الديانة من مدخل محدد هو: الأمثال الجاهلية. أي دراسة ديانة العرب قبل ...
Keep Reading »العبودية وجدل إحراق كتب الفقه المالكي في موريتانيا
لقد تابع الكثيرون باهتمام كبير إقدام السيد بيرام ولد اعبيدي— لاحظوا حتى الاسم يحمل رواسب زمن العبودية التي يناضل ضدها بيرام—على إحراق مختارات من كتب الفقه المالكي المسؤولة، حسب زعمه، عن استمرار الرق في بلده لما تمده به من غطاء شرعي. لقد نفذ رفقة كوكبة من أعضاء جمعية "مبادرة من أجل الانعتاق من العبودية" في الثامن والعشرين من شهر أبريل تهديده عقب صلاة الجمعة على مرأى ومسمع من الكل قصد إثارة الانتباه إلى استمرار العبودية التي مازالت تعاني منها فئة واسعة من الموريتانيين ذوي الأصول الافريقية. ويقدر عدد العبيد في ربوع البلاد بعشرات بل مئات الآلاف حسب المصادر المختلفة والتي يجب التعامل مع المعلومات الواردة فيها بحذر شديد. فالأرقام تختلف، انخفاضاً ...
Keep Reading »New Texts Out Now: Mohammad Salama and Rachel Friedman, Locating the Secular in Sayyid Qutb
![[Cover of Arab Studies Journal Vol. XX No. 1 (Spring 2012)]](/content_images/3/sm_asj.jpg "[Cover of Arab Studies Journal Vol. XX No. 1 (Spring 2012)]")
Mohammad Salama and Rachel Friedman, “Locating the Secular in Sayyid Qutb.” Arab Studies Journal Vol. XX No. 1 (Spring 2012). Jadaliyya (J): What led you to write this article? Mohammad Salama and Rachel Friedman (MS and RF): The post-revolutionary political scene in Egypt, with at least fourteen Islamist parties vying for power, is a timely historical moment to take a close look at the dynamics of religious authority versus the so-called secular. As the Egyptian people succeeded in overthrowing Mubarak’s dictatorship, the importance of popular discourses asserts itself strongly. Our article came about partly through a desire to show how popular, non-institutional ...
Keep Reading »الأزهر يريد تحرير أفغانستان
![[جامع الأزهر. تصوير ناصر رباط. المصدر فلكر]](/content_images/3/sm_alazhar.jpg "[جامع الأزهر. تصوير ناصر رباط. المصدر فلكر]")
قصة لابد منها: منذ عقد أو يزيد كانت المواقف السياسية للأزهر الشريف تتسم بكونها بطيئة وهادئة مهما كانت جسامة الحدث وخطورته، وقتها كان يروج للجماهير عبر وسائل الإعلام أن تلك هي وسطية الإسلام وأن عليهم آلا ينصرفوا إلى الآخرين المتعصبين، كما أن الأزهر كمؤسسة دينية لا دخل لها بالشؤون السياسية التي يتولاها أهلها من ذوى الخبرة والحكمة. وحينما تولى شيخ الأزهر الحالي الدكتور/ أحمد الطيب منصبه، صُدمت الجماهير، ذلك أن رجل الدين هو نفسه عضو لجنة السياسات التابعة للحزب الوطني والتي كان يرأسها آنذاك نجل الرئيس مبارك، ولحل هذا التداخل طُلب من الشيخ أن يتقدم باستقالته من عضوية لجنة السياسات، وبدا لوهلة أن الشيخ متردد يود لو يجمع بين الحسنيين، فتعلل بأن الرئيس مبارك فى رحلة علاجية ...
Keep Reading »Covering Iran's Ninjas
![[Ninjutsu. Image from Wiki Commons]](/content_images/3/sm_5495384625_265baeb41f.jpg "[Ninjutsu. Image from Wiki Commons]")
On the evening of 29 March, a line in my twitter feed read, “You don’t want to mess with Iran’s lady ninjas.” Cara Park’s snarky comment had been retweeted by someone I follow in Cairo. I clicked her link to find she’s a deputy managing editor of Foreign Policy, blogging on the suspensions of Reuters’ accreditation in Iran over their reporting on women training in ninjutsu: In case it wasn’t obvious, you don’t want to offend a highly-trained cadre of Iranian ninjas. Anger these black-belted beauties and they’ll … take their legitimate complaint to the appropriate authorities who will suspend your press credentials. Hiiiii-yah! It may be time for ...
Keep Reading »Syria's Islamic Movement and the Current Uprising: Political Acquiescence, Quietism, and Dissent
![[Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. Image from Wikipedia.]](/content_images/3/sm_800px-Courtyard2(js).jpg "[Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. Image from Wikipedia.]")
In one of his recent papers, Steven Heydemann writes that the attempts of forces behind the Syrian uprising and the Syrian National Council (SNC) to define themselves as the pre-eminent nationalist force in the country risk backfiring. This is because they face a regime that has successfully justified its rule by constantly emphasizing its own pan-Arab and nationalist credentials. Effectively, therefore, these self-identifications stir up precisely the old political sympathies and fears that have propped up the Syrian regime for decades. This jousting over who will be the champion of the Syrian nation is taking place within a context where identity politics have ...
Keep Reading »New Texts Out Now: Pascale Ghazaleh, Held in Trust: Waqf in the Islamic World
Pascale Ghazaleh, editor, Held in Trust: Waqf in the Islamic World. Cairo and New York: American University of Cairo Press, 2011. Jadaliyya (J): What made you put together this book? Pascale Ghazaleh (PG): This book brings together articles written by scholars from different countries, working on different aspects of waqf during different periods. These articles were originally papers submitted to the annual seminar organized by Dr. Nelly Hanna of the American University in Cairo's Arab and Islamic Civilizations Department. In 2005, I helped set up the seminar, and the theme we chose was waqf. One of Dr. Hanna's priorities has been to facilitate contacts ...
Keep Reading »Ayaan Hirsi Ali's War
![[Cover of Newsweek.]](/content_images/3/sm_hirsiali1.jpg "[Cover of Newsweek.]")
For a couple of centuries now, we have had to make due with Samuel Johnson’s famous phrase: “Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel.” Thanks to Ayaan Hirsi Ali, we can now revise this phrase for the twenty-first century. Tthe last last refuge of a scoundrel, it appears, lies in taking up the battle against something called “Christophobia.” Hirsi Ali coins this term as part of her alarmist and deeply hateful cover story for Newsweek. “The War on Christians” is splashed across the cover, but the actual target of Hirsi Ali’s piece becomes more clear in the title provided for the online version of the piece: “The Global War on Christians in the Muslim World.” The ...
Keep Reading »New Texts Out Now: Nile Green, Bombay Islam: The Religious Economy of the West Indian Ocean, 1840-1915
Nile Green, Bombay Islam: The Religious Economy of the West Indian Ocean, 1840-1915. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. [Co-winner of the 2011 Albert Hourani Book Award] Jadaliyya: What made you write this book? Nile Green: It took me some time to realize the importance of Bombay to Muslims from all around the Indian Ocean, but after so many textual trails led me there, I realized I had to write a book about Bombay and its steam-spun web of connections. The documentation was abundant—in Muslim travelogues, vernacular poetry, printed hagiographies—though ironically I found as much of Bombay’s legacy in such cities as Tehran and Hyderabad as in ...
Keep Reading »New Texts Out Now: Amal Ghazal, "Islamic Reform and Arab Nationalism"
Amal N. Ghazal, Islamic Reform and Arab Nationalism: Expanding the Crescent from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean (1880s-1930s). New York: Routledge, 2010. Jadaliyya: What made you write this book? Amal Ghazal: I wanted to find a topic that bridged my two fields of study, Middle East Studies and African Studies. I thought Omani rule in East Africa would be interesting, especially in that I was initially able to trace correspondence between Arabs in East Africa and newspapers in the Middle East. A research trip to Oman revealed that I was stepping into a goldmine: Omanis in Zanzibar were deeply connected to political and intellectual networks throughout the Middle ...
Keep Reading »Fear, Inc.: The Roots of the Islamaphobia Network
![[Cover image of report.]](/content_images/3/sm_capislamnetworks.jpg "[Cover image of report.]")
[Below is the latest from the Center for American Progress on Islamaphobia in the United States.] Fast Facts on the Islamophobia Network This in-depth investigation conducted by the Center for American Progress Action Fund reveals not a vast right-wing conspiracy behind the rise of Islamophobia in our nation but rather a small, tightly net- worked group of misinformation experts guiding an effort that reach- es millions of Americans through effective advocates, media partners, and grassroots organizing. This spreading of hate and misinformation primarily starts with five key people and their organizations, which are sustained by funding from a clutch of key ...
Keep Reading »Understanding the Standoff in Mali
The standoff between Mali’s government and the armed Islamists who control two-thirds of the country is unlikely to resolve peacefully, and the prospects for a new war in the Sahel appear increasingly probable. In January, a disciplined Tuareg separatist group, the Movement for the National Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), initiated a rebellion that eventually forced Mali’s corrupt and weak military to withdraw from the northern part of the country in April. Militant Islamist groups—Ansar Dine ...
Keep Reading »The Identity of Al-Azhar and Its Doctrine
The proposed amendments to Article 2 of the constitution – giving Al-Azhar the final say in defining Islamic Law (Sharia) – is of critical importance, not only because it limits Islamic knowledge to Al-Azhar, but also because it transfers the debate over the institution of Al-Azhar to the issue of identity. Assigning an institution with the task of interpreting Sharia is unusual in Islam, where, traditionally, knowledge was not seen to be associated with any specific institution or religious ...
Keep Reading »جدلية صعود أبو الفتوح وإمكانية استنساخ النموذج الأردوجاني
جاء الصعود السريع لحضور ودور أبو الفتوح في سباق الرئاسة المصرية ليعيد إلى الأذهان تجربة الصعود السياسي لأردوجان في تركيا في نهاية التسعينات وبداية القرن الحادي والعشرين. ولعل العودة إلى السنوات الخمس البارزة في تاريخ النظام السياسي التركي، خصوصا بين عامي 1997- 2002، تعين على فهم وتفسير عمليات وسياسات وسياقات صعود القيادات والحركات السياسية من خلال المقارنة بين أبو الفتوح وأردوجان وكشف جوانب التشابه والاختلاف بين النمطين والسياقين. ويلاحظ بداية أن تجربة خروج أبو الفتوح من عباءة الإخوان تشبه من أوجه ...
Keep Reading »Birds of Darkness In The Egyptian Sky
The Misdemeanor Court in al-Haram, Cairo held up a three-month prison sentence on Tuesday against Adel Imam, one of the most popular comedians in the region. He was accused by Islamists of insulting religion in his films, some dating back 30 years. The Birds of Darkness, from the title of one of Adel Imam’s most famous movies critical of Islamists, have not only set their sights on Imam. They have the potential to lay their dark shadows on freedom of thought in all of Egypt. This realization comes ...
Keep Reading »Kuwait's Legislative Absurdity: Kuwaiti MPs Approve Death Penalty for “Cursing God”
Where to begin? The 1961 Press and Publications Law in Kuwait stipulates that blasphemy is a crime punishable by a prison sentence that ranges from a few months to several years. Following more stringent laws in Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, the Kuwaiti Parliament just approved provisionally--pending a second vote--the death penalty for those who defame God, or the Prophet and his wives. Apparently, ”[t]he move to stiffen penalties for religious crimes came after authorities ...
Keep Reading »Reflections on Ideology After the Arab Uprisings
A key conceptual problem for observers of the Arab uprisings–academics and journalists alike–continues to be how to classify and assess the ideological transformations taking place. “The people want the downfall of the regime,” the central slogan of the uprisings, has been interpreted as anything from a return to pan-Arab sentiments to a new Arab liberalism. For some, it signaled the unification of action around a single idea that resisted the atomization of Arab societies under the ...
Keep Reading »الإخوان في البرلمان؛ محاولة للفهم
حققت جماعة "الإخوان المسلمون" فوزاً كبيراً في الانتخابات التشريعية المصرية الأخيرة، والتى تعد بحق أول انتخابات نزيهة تجري في مصر منذ ثورة يوليو ١٩٥٢. لم تكن النتائج مفاجئة بنظر الكثيرين، فتاريخ الإخوان النضالي وتنظيمهم وقاعدتهم الشعبية كانت عوامل واضحة ومؤشرة إلى فوزهم المحتمل. بدا المشهد يوم الثالث والعشرين من يناير٢٠١٢ وكأن ثورة يناير ٢٠١٢ أفرزت بعد عام أول ثمارها. ورغم تخوفات البعض من سيطرة التيار الإسلامي فقد اعتقد الكثيرون أن كوادر الإخوان مؤهلة بالفعل لتولى دفة الثورة. وسادت اعتقادات ...
Keep Reading »Building the New Egypt: Islamic Televangelists, Revolutionary Ethics, and 'Productive' Citizenship
Appearing on state television after the fall of Mubarak for the first time in his career, the famous Egyptian Islamic televangelist Amr Khaled told the program host that he had seen God in Tahrir. “I saw God in Tahrir,” he said. “When you entered Tahrir Square you immediately noticed a different spirit. It is as if God was with all the people there
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Al-Zahawi's Revolt in Hell (Part I)
The thawra of Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi (1863-1936) was an Iraqi poet, critical figure in the development of Arabic literary modernism, and a scholarly and outspoken contributor to political and social debates during the early part of the twentieth century. Zahawi envisaged a revolutionary role for poetry, transforming the purpose of verse into a utility by which contemporary social critiques could be posed. This is evident in his staunch support for women’s rights, his involvement in ...
Keep Reading »Flowering of the Arab Spring: Understanding Tunisia’s Elections Results
In early 1994 a small Islamic think tank affiliated with the University of South Florida (USF) planned an academic forum to host Rachid Ghannouchi, the leader of the main opposition party in Tunisia, Ennahdha. The objective of this annual event was to give Western academics and intellectuals a rare opportunity to engage an Islamically-oriented intellectual or political leader at a time when the political discourse was dominated by Samuel Huntington’s much hyped clash of civilizations thesis. Shortly ...
Keep Reading »New Texts Out Now: Saadia Toor, "The State of Islam: Culture and Cold War Politics in Pakistan"
Saadia Toor, The State of Islam: Culture and Cold War Politics in Pakistan. London and New York: Pluto Press, 2011. Jadaliyya: What made you write this book? Saadia Toor: I felt compelled to write this book because of the increasingly disturbing discourse on Pakistan in the West, both within the media and within academia. There is a mixture of incomprehension and hawkishness in this discourse when it comes to Pakistan, which is extremely dangerous given the increasing extension of the US/NATO war in ...
Keep Reading »Religious Liberty, Minorities, and Islam: An Interview with Saba Mahmood
Saba Mahmood is an anthropologist who teaches at the University of California, Berkeley, and whose work raises challenging questions about the relationship between religion and secularism, ethics and politics, agency and freedom. Her book Politics of Piety, a study of a grassroots women’s piety movement in Cairo, questions the analytical and political claims of feminism as well as the secular liberal assumptions on the basis of which such movements are often judged. In the volume Is ...
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