Zeina Maasri, Cosmopolitan Radicalism: The Visual Politics of Beirut’s Global Sixties (New Texts Out Now)

Zeina Maasri, Cosmopolitan Radicalism: The Visual Politics of Beirut’s Global Sixties (New Texts Out Now)

Zeina Maasri, Cosmopolitan Radicalism: The Visual Politics of Beirut’s Global Sixties (New Texts Out Now)

By : Zeina Maasri

Zeina Maasri, Cosmopolitan Radicalism: The Visual Politics of Beirut’s Global Sixties (Cambridge University Press, 2020).

Jadaliyya (J): What made you write this book?

Zeina Maasri (ZM): While doing research for my previous book, I came across many fascinating collections of printed media, ranging from posters, stamps, cards, and leaflets, to cultural periodicals and illustrated Arabic books produced in Beirut between the late 1950s and the mid-1970s. These curious printed objects, often beautifully designed, turned out to be the outcome of creative collaborations between various Arab artists, intellectuals, and militants who crossed paths in Beirut. While clearly central for social histories of everyday modern life, leisure, art and politics, such archives of visual and media cultures have largely been forgotten, not only in postcolonial histories of Lebanon but also across the wider Arab East.

Over the past decade, I have been obsessively gathering together these sources, tracing their authors and related—mostly defunct—institutions; stubbornly returning day after day to wait for someone who has the “only” key to a locked archive; rescuing a heap of precious international solidarity prints that had got damp in the warehouse of a formerly leading radical Arab left organization; amateurishly finding my way into digitalizing and cataloguing these collections; and building friendships with more professional collectors who shared my obsession and allowed me into their archives and on their treasure hunts—my key partner has been Abboudi Bou Jawde (al-Furat Bookshop, Beirut). During this time, I was teaching in the Architecture and Design Department at the American University of Beirut (AUB) and, together with my students, was growing increasingly frustrated with Western-centric histories and theories of design and visual culture and the dearth of scholarship relating to the Arab East. This gap had to be filled, not least in my teaching, and so these archived collections and my preliminary research found their first audiences in my classes. Students’ and colleagues’ enthusiasm at AUB further encouraged me.

Meanwhile, the unfolding Arab revolutions began to draw scholarly attention to the centrality of aesthetics in the politics of dissent and to the role of “new” media technologies in connecting activists in and across spaces of protest. Little knowledge, however, was available about the history of such militant aesthetic practices and the transnational circulation of so-called old print media. All these collections were begging for a serious study, one broader in reach than my AUB classroom. So, here I now am with this book. 

Cosmopolitan Radicalism challenges cultural histories of the postcolonial Arab world which posit Lebanon as the liberal exception...

J: What particular topics, issues, and literatures does the book address?

ZM: Shedding light on understudied design practices and cultures of the visual attached to print technologies, this book critically engages with another similarly ignored facet of Arab postcolonial history: the transnational movement of cultural actors across Arab state borders and the mobility of visual and print cultures. I propose that these cross-border aesthetic practices and mobile cultural artefacts need to be examined outside of nationally circumscribed frameworks. Thus, my analysis situates travelling artists/designers, images/printed objects, political discourses, and aesthetic experiences within the disjunctive cultural flows of the global sixties. In so doing, the book foregrounds the significant translocal role of visuality in articulating new visions of cultural modernity, consumption, and leisure; in forging novel relations between modern art and literature; and in shaping the aesthetics of anticolonial struggle, revolutionary anti-imperialism, and transnational solidarity.  

My focus is on Beirut as a nodal city in the global sixties. In that context, I examine archives of printed matter, mapping the cultural flows that animated modernist pursuits in Beirut from the late 1950s to the mid-1970s along three interrelated themes. 

The first theme is concerned with the constitution of the city as a Mediterranean site of tourism and leisure within a postwar global economy of travel and consumer desires. Bolstered by development funds and modernization imperatives, this influx drew Beirut into the shadows of US “capitalist democracy” in the Cold War. My analysis, however, shifts focus from global US designs to more nuanced readings of the role of local actors. It draws attention to the historical contingency of cultural practices, as “Cold War Modernism” gets conjugated with the heat of Arab anticolonial struggles, Lebanon’s 1958 revolt, and US counterinsurgency campaigns. 

My second line of enquiry investigates the rise of Beirut as a node of pan-Arab publishing. I explore changes in the visuality and materiality of Arabic cultural periodicals and books in the context of a network of new relations in modern art and literature, printing technologies, the political economy of transnational publishing and the cultural politics of decolonization in the Arab world. 

My third strand situates Beirut within a third worldist project of anticolonial solidarity and connects it, through the Palestinian Resistance, to an internationalist framework of revolutionary anti-imperialism and armed struggle that followed the 1967 Arab–Israeli war. In this globally expansive revolutionary geography, Beirut acted as a nodal city in and through which an aesthetic of solidarity with the Palestinian liberation movement converged and circulated along transnational circuits. In particular, I investigate the translocal visuality of revolutionary struggle in the printscapes of solidarity that marked Beirut’s public culture and street life. 

The book reveals how this radical aesthetic configuration developed historically in the interstices, overlaps, and contentions of transnational circuits of modernism, linking Beirut to Cairo, Damascus, and Baghdad during the long 1960s. This nodal configuration decentred Paris, among other Northern metropoles, from the cosmopolitan imagination and instead envisioned radical worldviews stretching their contours across the Global South, from Havana to Hanoi. In retracing these forgotten circuits, Cosmopolitan Radicalism challenges cultural histories of the postcolonial Arab world which posit Lebanon as the liberal exception and too readily and too easily flag up European-oriented cosmopolitanism, the hegemony of the Lebanese Christian elite, and sectarian incongruity. In particular, I demonstrate the necessity of overcoming the lopsided limitations of national—and sectarian—frameworks and the value of focusing instead on the city as the space of convergence and confrontation in a wider aesthetic field of transnational political relations. 

J: How does this book connect to and/or depart from your previous work?

ZM: My new book builds on my long-time work on the relations between visual culture, graphic design, and politics; it revisits this nexus from global and postcolonial perspectives. In many ways it is a continuation of what I had begun (somewhat less confidently) in my previous book, Off the Wall: Political Posters of the Lebanese Civil War (IB Tauris, 2009). Excavating unexplored archives and suppressed narratives of wartime Lebanon, I argued for an understanding of political posters as discursive sites of a complex hegemonic struggle where imaginaries of antagonistic political subjectivities—formed and transformed during wartime—are visually articulated, contested, and battled over. 

Cosmopolitan Radicalism takes a few steps backwards in history; it is, in a way, a genealogical undertaking that enables us to understand Lebanon’s longer history of protracted political struggle and conflicts in broader frameworks than internecine sectarian violence, and in more intimately textured accounts than geopolitical interventions. 

J: Who do you hope will read this book, and what sort of impact would you like it to have?

ZM: I hope it will be read by anyone interested in Lebanon and the Middle East, offering them antecedents to contemporary political conflicts that may help them understand the present. In that sense, it is also an attempt to offer a historical redress that peels away the layers of some of the hegemonic constructs that have come to constitute what it is to be “Lebanese”—hospitality, openness to the West, liberalism, entrepreneurship. In so doing, it reveals the cultural politics that have reified some of these myths—but also, crucially, it sheds light on very different archives—ones that center the everyday forms of resistance, contestations, and revolutionary imagination that have time and again stood to confront power and demand radical change. 

I am also hoping that the book will encourage scholars to take visual and material culture studies more seriously as a lens through which to understand political relations, rather than remaining a concern on the margin of “real” political affairs.  

I would like artists and designers to read it and perhaps identify with some of the preoccupations, trepidations, and debates of a previous generation around issues of modernity, decolonization, cultural identity, political art, and activism. Finally, I would like the book to intervene in emerging discussions of global art and design history and contribute to methodologies for “decolonizing” modernism.

J: What other projects are you working on now?

ZM: I am currently co-editing a book (with Cathy Bergin and Francesca Burke), based on the successful conference “The Radical Sixties: Aesthetics, Politics and Histories of Solidarity” we convened at Brighton (27-29 June 2019). This project seeks to decenter the established Western loci and temporality of “the sixties” and calls for new analyses of this critical historical conjuncture from the standpoint of transnational solidarity with and across anti-imperialist and anticolonial liberation struggles of the Global South.

I am also building on the research for Cosmopolitan Radicalism to seek funding to construct and expand, through collaborative networks, web-based archival resources and exhibitions to make this material more widely accessible.

J: What connections, if any, could be made with Lebanon’s uprisings in 2019-2020?

ZM: There are many comparisons and connections that could be drawn between the revolutionary hopes of Beirut’s long 1960s and those unfolding today. But most importantly, we need to consider how past revolutionary moments, rising against a Lebanese ruling oligarchy and sectarian power structure, have been ironed out, erased from history and reduced to memory narratives of civil wars and geopolitics. How to guard against such erasures—in Beirut today as in the region—seems to me a crucial question for both activists on the ground and academics, especially when radical futures are never certain but only systemically thwarted by counter-revolutions and challenged by the devastating contingencies of a murderous crony capitalism.

 

Excerpt from the book (pp. 6–13)

Beirut in the ‘Long’ 1960

My focus is on Beirut’s ‘long’ 1960s, caught as it was between two moments of violent civil strife in Lebanon’s history. The first, a summer-long insurrection in 1958, occurred in the euphoric tide of anticolonial Arab nationalist movements that swept the region in the aftermath of the Suez War. The second, Lebanon’s protracted civil war (1975–90), developed in the aftermath of the 1967 Arab–Israeli war, in tandem with the rise of the Palestinian Resistance in a global framework of revolutionary anti-imperialism.

A ‘crossroads to civil war’ (Salibi 1976), Lebanon’s history from 1958 to 1976 has been amply studied by scholars who have advanced various perspectives on the genealogy of the conflict: sectarian political identities, economic disparities, competing national imaginaries, regional and international intervention. Very little work, however, is available on the cultural dimensions of political struggle. How did global configurations of the Cold War intersect with regional anticolonial struggle and in the everyday life of 1960s Beirut? What was the role of visuality in these complex (counter) hegemonic processes and discursive formations? And how did printed matter constitute a fraught site of struggle in the interlocking of global and local relations of power at this historical conjuncture? 

The 1960s are foregrounded in retrospect, and often with a great deal of nostalgia, as Lebanon’s ‘golden years’: a booming site of modern leisure and culture in the Middle East. The glamorous performances of the likes of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra at the International Festival of Baʿalbek or images of bikini-clad young women posing fashionably in a prototypical Mediterranean beach setting are just two examples to conjure up the cosmopolitan spectacle of modernity that Lebanon staged. Equally promising was the scene of modernist experimentations in art and literature that made its imprint on the pages of Shiʿr (Poetry 1957–64; 1967–70) and Hiwar (Dialogue 1962–7), or materialized in Silsilat al-Nafaʾis (Precious Books Series, 1967–70) published by Dar an-Nahar, and hung on the walls of the city’s burgeoning art galleries and salons. But at the same time Beirut was also developing as a platform for radical publishing in and for the Arab world, a beacon for dissenting voices and a nexus for anticolonial political commitment, iltizam, through the arts, from the literary journal al-Adab (Literature 1953–) to the radical children’s books of Dar al-Fata al-Arabi (1974–94) and, not least, through the labyrinth of revolutionary signs posted on the city’s walls. Many of these cultural practices and themes, which culminated in the 1960s, were launched in the 1950s and continued in fact to develop through the 1970s. The cultural fervour of 1960s Beirut is thus aptly described as ‘long’, an epoch that stretches beyond the artificially imposed historical boundaries of a decade.

Despite this lustre of glory – or perhaps underlying it – the long 1960s were marked by domestic socio-economic disparities, institutionalized in liberal economic policies that established Beirut as an entrepôt – a node in the free circulation of goods, people and capital – in the Middle East. This political economy was conjugated with an institutionalized sectarian political system that concentrated ruling power and sustained it with Christian Lebanese at the expense of Muslim populations. These structural inequalities had no little role in triggering dissent and unfolding into violent conflict. Despite the reformist policies, state-building and developmental projects of the Shihabist era – the presidency of Fuad Shihab (1958–64) and his successor Charles Helou (1964–70) – socio-economic problems and political grievances would persist through the 1960s. While the two moments of civil strife, 1958 and 1975, share a domestic politics of contestation, their articulation within regional and global politics marks them apart. Indeed, Beirut’s long 1960s were closely connected to regional processes of decolonization and complicated by shifting imperial powers in an emerging global Cold War order. It is on this account that it may be characterized as a nodal city in the global sixties. […] The East Mediterranean port city that ushered in the reign of US power with the landing of US Marines on its shores in 1958 was reconstituted, in the aftermath of 1967, as a radical node on the global terrain of revolutionary anti-imperialism. 

Cosmopolitan Radicalism: From ‘Paris of the East’ to ‘Arab Hanoi’ 

In his essay ‘De la Suisse orientale au Hanoi arabe, une ville en quête de rôles’, historian and political analyst Fawwaz Traboulsi traces a genealogy of modern Lebanon by way of Beirut’s ascribed roles, from the tourist economy of the ‘Switzerland of the East’, developed by nationalists in the wake of Lebanon’s modern formation as a nation-state in 1920, to its radical antithesis, the ‘Arab Hanoi’, arising from the constitution of Beirut as the capital of the PLO from 1970 to 1982 (Traboulsi 2001). My argument builds on Traboulsi’s observation in order to enquire into the historical conditions of the aesthetic emergence of an ‘Arab Hanoi’. The label is indicative of the Third Worldist imagination that connected Beirut with the North Vietnamese capital. I suggest, however, that before the latter’s radical materialization, the Swiss tourist model had already been displaced in the 1960s by the emergence of Beirut as the ‘Paris of the East’. This displacement shifted the national touristic discourse and its scopic regime from the mountains to the Mediterranean coastal capital. Historically locating this substitution is crucial if one is to understand the new place the capital city occupied in the economy of leisure and to reveal the dislocation between mountain and Mediterranean coast in the post-independence national imagination. It also allows us to understand how transnational circuits and associated discursive and aesthetic formations overlapped and contended with one another in and through Beirut’s long 1960s. 

I take inspiration, furthermore, from Ilham Khuri-Makdisi’s important work in understanding the interconnections between cities such as Beirut, Alexandria and Cairo in ‘the making of global radicalism between 1860 and 1914’ (2013). Like Khuri-Makdisi’s, my aim is to ‘de-provincialize’ the Arab East from accounts of global revolutionary cultures. My study, however, reconfigures the global optic to meet the historical contingencies of the long 1960s: it is explicitly concerned with Beirut’s new role as a ‘nodal city’ in the global sixties. 

Critics and historians of modern art in post-independence Lebanon have habitually stressed its cosmopolitan, European orientation and attributed this to a host of factors, most popularly, the multi-sectarian socio-political composition of Lebanon and the strong ties of a Lebanese Christian elite to Europe. This standard view generally foregrounds the exception of Lebanon in an Arab region, where national affirmations were prevalent in artistic processes of decolonization. […] I propose, in contrast, that if we challenge the guiding questions and ‘national’ framework within which these arguments are lodged, we find something else: something at once radical, cosmopolitan and not Eurocentric. 

[…]

First, I emphasize how Beirut in the long 1960s developed as a nexus of transnational Arab artistic encounter, aesthetic experimentation, intellectual debate and political contestation. Its cosmopolitanism was not directed only at Euro-American modernism and not limited to a Lebanese nationalist subjectivity. Rather, it was formed by competing transnational circuits of modernism and the mobility of its enunciating subjects, not least Egyptian, Palestinian, Syrian and Iraqi artists and intellectuals who weaved through the city, in and out of its flourishing art galleries, publishing industry, and tourism and leisure sites. Second, I contend that this cosmopolitanism was also politically radical, demonstrating how in the contingency of the 1967 Arab defeat and the Third Worldist politics of transnational solidarity, the city’s modernist aesthetic circuits and associated infrastructures were radicalized to serve the Palestinian revolutionary project. The ‘radical liberalism’ (Creswell 2019: 10) of Beirut’s early 1960s was repurposed by the close of the decade as a node in Third Worldist internationalism. Thus the cosmopolitanism of ‘Beirut: the Paris of the East’ was displaced in the service of revolutionary ‘Arab Hanoi’ and thereby transformed. The ensuing cosmopolitan radicalism is expressed in and through visual and print cultures that carried in their transnational circulatory practices projects of anti-imperial solidarity and prefigured radical horizons of possibility. Accordingly, we need to reconceive of this radicalized form of cosmopolitanism as one that is enunciated ‘from below’ – from the place of margins – decentring Eurocentric normative and institutional instantiations. 

The antagonistic relations forming in the global space of Beirut were not only linked to domestic articulations of national, sectarian and class identities; rather, and crucially, I argue that these social relations were also politically entangled with translocal modes of visuality. Against any celebratory reminiscence of the ‘golden years’, my argument conceives of Beirut’s long 1960s as a liminal juncture, an anxious time and space when the city held out promises at once politically radical and radically cosmopolitan. 

New Texts Out Now: Mandy Turner and Cherine Hussein, guest eds. "Israel-Palestine after Oslo: Mapping Transformations in a Time of Deepening Crisis." Special Issue of Conflict, Security & Development

Conflict, Security and Development, Volume 15, No. 5 (December 2015) Special issue: "Israel-Palestine after Oslo: Mapping Transformations in a Time of Deepening Crisis," Guest Editors: Mandy Turner and Cherine Hussein.

Jadaliyya (J): What made you compile this volume?

Mandy Turner (MT): Both the peace process and the two-state solution are dead. Despite more than twenty years of negotiations, Israel’s occupation, colonization and repression continue–and the political and geographical fragmentation of the Palestinian people is proceeding apace.

This is not news, nor is it surprising to any keen observer of the situation. But what is surprising–and thus requires explanation – is the resilience of the Oslo framework and paradigm: both objectively and subjectively. It operates objectively as a straitjacket by trapping Palestinians in economic and security arrangements that are designed to ensure stabilization and will not to lead to sovereignty or a just and sustainable solution. And it operates subjectively as a straitjacket by shutting out discussion of alternative ways of understanding the situation and ways out of the impasse. The persistence of this framework that is focused on conflict management and stabilization, is good for Israel but bad for Palestinians.

The Oslo peace paradigm–of a track-one, elite-level, negotiated two-state solution–is therefore in crisis. And yet it is entirely possible that the current situation could continue for a while longer–particularly given the endorsement and support it enjoys from the major Western donors and the “international community,” as well as the fact that there has been no attempt to develop an alternative. The immediate short-term future is therefore bleak.

Guided by these observations, this special issue sought to undertake two tasks. The first task was to analyze the perceptions underpinning the Oslo framework and paradigm as well as some of the transformations instituted by its implementation: why is it so resilient, what has it created? The second task, which follows on from the first, was then to ask: how can we reframe our understanding of what is happening, what are some potential alternatives, and who is arguing and mobilizing for them?

These questions and themes grew out of a number of conversations with early-career scholars – some based at the Kenyon Institute in East Jerusalem, and some based in the occupied Palestinian territory and elsewhere. These conversations led to two interlinked panels at the International Studies Association annual convention in Toronto, Canada, in March 2014. To have two panels accepted on “conflict transformation and resistance in Palestine” at such a conventional international relations conference with (at the time unknown) early-career scholars is no mean feat. The large and engaged audience we received at these panels – with some very established names coming along (one of whom contributed to this special issue) – convinced us that this new stream of scholars and scholarship should have an outlet.  

J: What particular topics, issues, and literatures do the articles address?

MT: The first half of the special issue analyzes how certain problematic assumptions shaped the Oslo framework, and how the Oslo framework in turn shaped the political, economic and territorial landscape.

Virginia Tilley’s article focuses on the paradigm of conflict resolution upon which the Oslo Accords were based, and calls for a re-evaluation of what she argues are the two interlinked central principles underpinning its worldview: internationally accepted notions of Israeli sovereignty; and the internationally accepted idea that the “conflict” is essentially one between two peoples–the “Palestinian people” and the “Jewish people”. Through her critical interrogation of these two “common sense” principles, Tilley proposes that the “conflict” be reinterpreted as an example of settler colonialism, and, as a result of this, recommends an alternative conflict resolution model based on a paradigm shift away from an ethno-nationalist division of the polity towards a civic model of the nation.

Tariq Dana unpacks another central plank of the Oslo paradigm–that of promoting economic relations between Israel and the OPT. He analyses this through the prism of “economic peace” (particularly the recent revival of theories of “capitalist peace”), whose underlying assumptions are predicated on the perceived superiority of economic approaches over political approaches to resolving conflict. Dana argues that there is a symbiosis between Israeli strategies of “economic peace” and recent Palestinian “statebuilding strategies” (referred to as Fayyadism), and that both operate as a form of pacification and control because economic cooperation leaves the colonial relationship unchallenged.

The political landscape in the OPT has been transformed by the Oslo paradigm, particularly by the creation of the Palestinian Authority (PA). Alaa Tartir therefore analyses the basis, agenda and trajectory of the PA, particularly its post-2007 state building strategy. By focusing on the issue of local legitimacy and accountability, and based on fieldwork in two sites in the occupied West Bank (Balata and Jenin refugee camps), Tartir concludes that the main impact of the creation of the PA on ordinary people’s lives has been the strengthening of authoritarian control and the hijacking of any meaningful visions of Palestinian liberation.

The origin of the administrative division between the West Bank and Gaza Strip is the focus of Tareq Baconi’s article. He charts how Hamas’s initial opposition to the Oslo Accords and the PA was transformed over time, leading to its participation (and success) in the 2006 legislative elections. Baconi argues that it was the perceived demise of the peace process following the collapse of the Camp David discussions that facilitated this change. But this set Hamas on a collision course with Israel and the international community, which ultimately led to the conflict between Hamas and Fateh, and the administrative division, which continues to exist.

The special issue thereafter focuses, in the second section, on alternatives and resistance to Oslo’s transformations.

Cherine Hussein’s article charts the re-emergence of the single-state idea in opposition to the processes of separation unleashed ideologically and practically that were codified in the Oslo Accords. Analysing it as both a movement of resistance and as a political alternative to Oslo, while recognizing that it is currently largely a movement of intellectuals (particularly of diaspora Palestinians and Israelis), Hussein takes seriously its claim to be a more just and liberating alternative to the two-state solution.

My article highlights the work of a small but dedicated group of anti-Zionist Jewish-Israeli activists involved in two groups: Zochrot and Boycott from Within. Both groups emerged in the post-Second Intifada period, which was marked by deep disillusionment with the Oslo paradigm. This article unpacks the alternative – albeit marginalized – analysis, solution and route to peace proposed by these groups through the application of three concepts: hegemony, counter-hegemony and praxis. The solution, argue the activists, lies in Israel-Palestine going through a process of de-Zionization and decolonization, and the process of achieving this lies in actions in solidarity with Palestinians.

This type of solidarity action is the focus of the final article by Suzanne Morrison, who analyses the “We Divest” campaign, which is the largest divestment campaign in the US and forms part of the wider Palestinian Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement. Through attention to their activities and language, Morrison shows how “We Divest”, with its networked, decentralized, grassroots and horizontal structure, represents a new way of challenging Israel’s occupation and the suppression of Palestinian rights.

The two parts of the special issue are symbiotic: the critique and alternative perspectives analyzed in part two are responses to the issues and problems identified in part one.

J: How does this volume connect to and/or depart from your previous work?

MT: My work focuses on the political economy of donor intervention (which falls under the rubric of “peacebuilding”) in the OPT, particularly a critique of the Oslo peace paradigm and framework. This is a product of my broader conceptual and historical interest in the sociology of intervention as a method of capitalist expansion and imperial control (as explored in “The Politics of International Intervention: the Tyranny of Peace”, co-edited with Florian Kuhn, Routledge, 2016), and how post-conflict peacebuilding and development agendas are part of this (as explored in “Whose Peace: Critical Perspectives on the Political Economy of Peacebuilding”, co-edited with Michael Pugh and Neil Cooper (PalgraveMacmillan, 2008).  

My first book on Palestine (co-edited with Omar Shweiki), Decolonizing Palestinian Political Economy: De-development and Beyond (PalgraveMacmillan, 2014), was a collection of essays by experts in their field, of the political-economic experience of different sections of the Palestinian community. The book, however, aimed to reunite these individual experiences into one historical political-economy narrative of a people experiencing a common theme of dispossession, disenfranchisement and disarticulation. It was guided by the desire to critically assess the utility of the concept of de-development to different sectors and issues–and had a foreword by Sara Roy, the scholar who coined the term, and who was involved in the workshop from which the book emerged.

This co-edited special issue (with Cherine Hussein, who, at the time of the issue construction, was the deputy director of the Kenyon Institute) was therefore the next logical step in my research on Palestine, although my article on Jewish-Israeli anti-Zionists did constitute a slight departure from my usual focus.

J: Who do you hope will read this volume, and what sort of impact would you like it to have?

MT: I would imagine the main audience will be those whose research and political interests lie in Palestine Studies. It is difficult, given the structure of academic publishing – which has become ever more corporate and money grabbing – for research outputs such as this to be accessed by the general public. Only those with access to academic libraries are sure to be able to read it – and this is a travesty, in my opinion. To counteract this commodification of knowledge, we should all provide free access to our outputs through online open source websites such as academia.edu, etc. If academic research is going to have an impact beyond merely providing more material for teaching and background reading for yet more research (which is inaccessible to the general public) then this is essential. Websites such as Jadaliyya are therefore incredibly important.

Having said all that, I am under no illusions about the potential for ANY research on Israel-Palestine to contribute to changing the dynamics of the situation. However, as a collection of excellent analyses conducted by mostly early-career scholars in the field of Palestine studies, I am hopeful that their interesting and new perspectives will be read and digested. 

J: What other projects are you working on now?

MT: I am currently working on an edited volume provisionally entitled From the River to the Sea: Disintegration, Reintegration and Domination in Israel and Palestine. This book is the culmination of a two-year research project funded by the British Academy, which analyzed the impacts of the past twenty years of the Oslo peace framework and paradigm as processes of disintegration, reintegration and domination – and how they have created a new socio-economic and political landscape, which requires new agendas and frameworks. I am also working on a new research project with Tariq Dana at Birzeit University on capital and class in the occupied West Bank.

Excerpt from the Editor’s Note 

[Note: This issue was published in Dec. 2015]

Initially perceived to have inaugurated a new era of hope in the search for peace and justice in Palestine-Israel, the Oslo peace paradigm of a track one, elite-level, negotiated two-state solution is in crisis today, if not completely at an end.

While the major Western donors and the ‘international community’ continue to publicly endorse the Oslo peace paradigm, Israeli and Palestinian political elites have both stepped away from it. The Israeli government has adopted what appears to be an outright rejection of the internationally-accepted end-goal of negotiations, i.e. the emergence of a Palestinian state based on the 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital. In March 2015, in the final days of his re-election campaign, Israeli Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, visited the Jewish settlement of Har Homa in Palestinian East Jerusalem, which is regarded as illegal under international law. Reminding its inhabitants that it was him and his Likud government that had established the settlement in 1997 as part of the Israeli state’s vision of a unified indivisible Jerusalem, he promised to expand the construction of settlements in East Jerusalem if re-elected. And in an interview with Israeli news site, NRG, Netanyahu vowed that the prospects of a Palestinian state were non-existent as long as he remained in office. Holding on to the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), he argued, was necessary to ensure Israel’s security in the context of regional instability and Islamic extremism. It is widely acknowledged that Netanyahu’s emphasis on Israel’s security—against both external and internal enemies—gave him a surprise win in an election he was widely expected to lose.

Despite attempts to backtrack under recognition that the US and European states are critical of this turn in official Israeli state policy, Netanyahu’s promise to bury the two-state solution in favour of a policy of further annexation has become the Israeli government’s official intent, and has been enthusiastically endorsed by leading ministers and key advisers.

[…]

The Palestinian Authority (PA) based in the West Bank also appears to have rejected a key principle of the Oslo peace paradigm—that of bilateral negotiations under the supervision of the US. Despite a herculean effort by US Secretary of State, John Kerry, to bring the two parties to the negotiating table, in response to the lack of movement towards final status issues and continued settlement expansion (amongst other issues), the Palestinian political elite have withdrawn from negotiations and resumed attempts to ‘internationalise the struggle’ by seeking membership of international organisations such as the United Nations (UN), and signing international treaties such as the Rome Statute, the founding treaty of the International Criminal Court. This change of direction is part of a rethink in the PA and PLO’s strategy rooted in wider discussions and debates. The publication of a document by the Palestine Strategy Study Group (PSSG) in August 2008, the production of which involved many members of the Palestinian political elite (and whose recommendations were studiously discussed at the highest levels of the PA and PLO), showed widespread discontent with the bilateral negotiations framework and suggested ways in which Palestinians could ‘regain the initiative’.

[…]

And yet despite these changes in official Palestinian and Israeli political strategies that signal a deepening of the crisis, donors and the ‘international community’ are reluctant to accept the failure of the Oslo peace paradigm. This political myopia has meant the persistence of a framework that is increasingly divorced from the possibility of a just and sustainable peace. It is also acting as an ideological straitjacket by shutting out alternative interpretations. This special issue seeks a way out of this political and intellectual dead end. In pursuit of this, our various contributions undertake what we regard to be two key tasks: first, to critically analyse the perceptions underpinning the Oslo paradigm and the transformations instituted by its implementation; and second, to assess some alternative ways of understanding the situation rooted in new strategies of resistance that have emerged in the context of these transformations in the post-Oslo landscape.

[…]

Taken as a whole, the articles in this special issue aim to ignite conversations on the conflict that are not based within abstracted debates that centre upon the peace process itself—but that begin from within the realities and geographies of both the continually transforming land of Palestine-Israel and the voices, struggles, worldviews and imaginings of the future of the people who presently inhabit it. For it is by highlighting these transformations, and from within these points of beginning, that we believe more hopeful pathways for alternative ways forward can be collectively imagined, articulated, debated and built.