Egypt`s new cabinet, led by Prime Minister Hazem El-Beblawi, mainly consists of liberals and technocrats. It includes no Islamists whatsoever.
Hazem El-Beblawi - Prime Minister
El-Beblawi is a renowned economist and also a co-founder of the Egyptian Social Democratic Party.
He served as undersecretary-general at the UN between 1995 and 2000 and was the minister of finance in Essam Sharaf`s cabinet from July to October 2011 during Egypt`s post-revolution army-administered transitional phase.
He resigned in October 2011 to object to clashes in Cairo`s Maspero district between military police and Coptic protesters in which twenty-eight of the latter were killed.
Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi - First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense
Born in 1954, General Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi graduated from Egypt`s military academy in 1977. He went on to serve in the mechanized infantry, specializing in anti-tank warfare and mortar warfare.
In 2008 he became the commander of the northern military zone in Egypt.
When the 25 January revolution erupted in 2011, General El-Sisi was head of military intelligence as well as the youngest member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, the body which went on to rule the country until presidential elections in June 2012.
In August 2012, Mohamed Morsi appointed El-Sisi minister of defence to replace Field Marshal Tantawi.
On 1 July 2013, the Egyptian armed forces, headed by El-Sisi, delivered an ultimatum to political groups in Egypt, requesting that they solve the ongoing political deadlock within forty-eight hours or face an army-imposed roadmap.
On 3 July, El-Sisi declared on television that President Morsi had failed Egyptians and that he was no longer president, to be replaced by the head of the Supreme Constitutional Court. El-Sisi maintained that the army was acting solely to preserve Egypt`s national security.
General El-Sisi currently enjoys a significant level of popularity among different classes and groups in Egypt, although the Muslim Brotherhood accuses him of leading an illegitimate coup against Morsi.
Hossam Eissa - Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Higher Education
Nasserist Hossam Eissa is a political analyst, law professor and former head of the steering committee of the Constitution Party, which he co-founded with liberal figure Mohamed ElBaradei. He resigned from the party in March in the face of apparent internal divisions.
Eissa earned his doctorate from the Sorbonne in France and taught at universities in Cairo, Algeria and Japan. He also worked as a legal consultant to several regional and international entities such as UNESCO.
Eissa has been politically active since he was a student and is a former member of the Nasserist Party’s political bureau.
Ziad Bahaa El-Din - Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Planning and International Cooperation
Bahaa El-Din is a lawyer and a founding member of the Egyptian Social Democratic Party.
He was a member of the now-dissolved 2012 parliament, having won a seat in Assiut.
Bahaa El-Din received his bachelor`s degree in economics from the American University in Cairo in 1987 and a bachelor`s in law from Cairo University in 1986. He later received a doctorate in financial law from the London School of Economics, and worked in various parts of the Egyptian state bureaucracy. From 1997 to 2000, Bahaa El-Din was a senior legal advisor to Egypt`s economy ministry, and from 2004 to 2007 he was chairman of the Egyptian General Authority for Investment and Free Zones, a governmental entity concerned with regulating and facilitating foreign and domestic investment.
He was initially among the names being suggested for the premiership in the first post-Morsi cabinet, but his selection was opposed by the Nour Party.
Abdel-Aziz Fadel - Minister of Civil Aviation
Ex-army officer Fadel held a number of posts at Egypt’s state-owned airline EgyptAir, including vice chairman.
He holds a bachelor’s degree in aeronautical engineering from Egypt`s Military Technical College. He also has a diploma in management from the American University in Cairo.
He joined the Egyptian Air Force in 1972 as an aircraft maintenance engineer and went on to hold several executive maintenance, engineering and logistics positions until he became vice president of safety and quality in 2001, two years before joining EgyptAir.
Adel Labib - Minister of Local Development
Adel Labib, sixty-eight, served as governor in several Egyptian governorates under Mubarak, including Qena in Upper Egypt, Beheira in the Nile Delta, and Alexandria.
There were major protests against him in Alexandria with some local groups accusing him of mismanagement during his term.
However, in 2011 he was made governor of Qena for a second time by prime minister Essam Sharaf after protests by locals demanded that Labib be appointed in place of an unpopular alternative.
Labib continued to serve as Qena`s governor until the June 2012 governor reshuffle under then-president Mohamed Morsi. He was succeeded by Salah Abdel-Meguid, a fifty-two-year-old expert on environmental affairs.
Ahmed El-Borai - Minister of Social Solidarity
El-Borai served as minister of manpower under Egypt’s first post-revolution prime minister Essam Sharaf in March 2011 until he was replaced in August 2012 by the Muslim Brotherhood’s Khaled El-Azhary. He is also a founding member of the Constitution Party.
The law professor, who holds degrees from the universities of Cairo and Paris, succeeded in June 2011 in removing Egypt from the International Labor Organization’s "short-term" blacklist, partly through his decision that Egyptian workers would be free to establish and form independent trade unions, a significant advance for workers rights.
His decision, however, was not enacted by parliament and Egypt was consequently put back on the ILO blacklist.
As an expert in labor relations, he played a prominent role in drafting the unified labor law of 2003.
Ahmed Galal - Minister of Finance
Galal, who holds a doctorate in economics from Boston University, has been the managing Director of the Economic Research Forum (ERF), a Cairo-based leading non-governmental research institution covering the Middle East, since 2007.
Under the Morsi regime, Galal participated in an economic development initiative launched by former prime minister Hisham Qandil in December 2012 which aimed to tackle Egypt`s economic challenges through a series of "societal dialogues" between various societal and political factions.
Galal is described as a "non-partisan proponent of the importance of growth with equity as well as the vital role of politics for sound economic policies."
Under his leadership, the ERF launched new research on economic inequality, natural resource management and labor and human capital development.
Before that, Galal was a researcher with the World Bank for eighteen years, where he served as industrial economist for Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, economic advisor at the private sector development department and finally as adviser on the Middle East and North Africa from 2006 to 2007.
A prolific writer, Galal has authored and co-authored over a dozen works on privatization, regulation of monopolies, trade, monetary policy and fiscal policy.
The prospective minister was also the Executive Director of Research of the Egyptian Centre for Economic Studies (ECES), another independent think tank, between 2000 and 2006.
Ahmed Imam - Minister of Electricity
Imam was appointed by ousted president Morsi and will continue in his post.
He started his career as an engineer at the Aswan High Dam power plant, then moved to West Delta Electricity Production Company where he worked until 2002. He was then appointed head of the Cairo Electricity Production Company until 2011. After the 25 January revolution, Emam was appointed deputy to the Minister of Electricity. He was appointed to the ministerial role by Morsi in early 2013.
Criticisms arose lately after recurrent electricity blackouts over the past two months. In June, Emam said that Egypt`s current electricity-generating capacity now exceeds national consumption.
He called on citizens to continue cooperating with the ministry by decreasing their electricity consumption.
Ashraf El-Araby - Minister of Planning
El-Araby served as Egypt`s Minister of Planning and International Cooperation from August 2012 to May 2013 under Hisham Qandil. He was replaced by Muslim Brotherhood figure Amr Darrag in a May reshuffle.
An economist by training, El-Araby received his doctorate from Kansas State University in the United States. For the majority of his career, he worked at the country`s National Planning Institute.
From 2006 until the end of 2011 he headed the technical advisory office of the former planning minister, Fayza Abul-Naga. After a brief interlude, during which he worked at the Arab Planning Institute in Kuwait, El-Araby was called back to head the ministry.
El-Araby was a key part of the Egyptian team negotiating with the International Monetary Fund to obtain Egypt`s long-awaited 4.8 billion dollars loan and is expected to take up this role once again.
Atef Helmy - Minister of Communications and Information Technology
Helmy was originally appointed as minister of communications and information technology in January 2013. He resigned from the cabinet on 1 July in protest at ousted president Mohamed Morsi`s failure to respond to nationwide protests against his rule.
A graduate of a military technical college, Helmy obtained a diploma in computer science from Ain Shams University in 1979. After leaving the army in 1983, he began his career in the civilian IT sector, working in several Egyptian and multinational corporations including Oracle Egypt, where he became managing director.
Ayman Abu Hadid - Minister of Agriculture
Abu Hadid was first appointed agriculture minister in former prime minister Ahmed Shafiq`s cabinet which was formed during the eighteen-day January 2011 uprising. He continued to serve as minister in the following cabinet under former prime minister Essam Sharaf.
He was replaced as minister under former prime minister Hisham Qandil in 2012.
Dorreya Sharaf El-Din - Minister of Information
Sharaf El-Din is the first woman to take on the role of information minister.
The information ministry has long faced criticisms that it is used as a tool by the government to control the media, and many calls have been made to abolish it since the January 2011 revolution.
Sharaf El-Din is a significant figure in the state-run Egyptian Radio and Television Union. She previously served as the first undersecretary of the information ministry, heading the satellite channels division.
She has also hosted several television shows including Sual (Question) on a state channel and Ahl El-Raey (People of Opinion) on privately-owned Dream channel.
Sharaf El-Din was also a member of the policies committee and the women`s committee of the former president Mubarak`s now-dissolved National Democratic Party.
Hisham Zaazou - Minister of Tourism
Zaazou, fifty-nine, continues in his post as tourism minister, which he held in the previous cabinet.
He is a political independent who was appointed tourism minister in August 2012. He was previously assistant to former tourism minister Mounir Fakhry Abdel-Nour.
In June, Zaazou resigned from his post in protest at the appointment of a member of militant Islamist group Al-Gamaa Al-Islamiya as governor of Luxor. However, Zaazou withdrew the resignation later and continued as minister after the governor resigned.
Ibrahim Mehleb - Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development
Mehleb headed the public Arab Contractors Company for eleven years before resigning in September 2012. He was originally appointed by Mubarak-era minister of housing Ibrahim Soliman, currently in jail pending trial on corruption charges.
Under Mehleb`s leadership the company carried out major construction projects in Cairo including building major bridges.
He graduated with a degree in engineering from Cairo University in 1972.
Kamal Abu-Eita - Minister of Manpower
Abu-Eita is president of the Egyptian Federation of Independent Trade Unions (EFITU). Since Morsi`s ouster, he has been openly supportive of the "30 June revolution" and has called on members of EFITU to end labor strikes.
He is the general manager of the Giza Real Estate Tax Authority. He is one of the founders of the pan-Arab Karama Party and is founder and president of the independent union of Real Estate Tax Authority employees.
Abu-Eita is known for leading the formation of the first independent trade union, the independent general union of Real Estate Tax Authority employees, in 2009, after leading the Tax Authority employees’ national strike in 2007. He fought to split from the official state-backed General Union of Banking and Insurance Employees to which the Tax Authority employees belonged.
After the ouster of Hosni Mubarak, Abu-Eita was offered the post of minister of manpower by Yehia El-Gamal, deputy prime minister in Egypt’s interim government, but he declined the offer.
Abu-Eita was also an MP in the now dissolved 2011 parliament. In the 2011 elections, he together with other Karama candidates ran on the Muslim Brotherhood-led Freedom and Justice Party list.
Abu-Eita was born in 1953 in Cairo’s Bulaq district.
Khaled Abdel-Aziz - Minister of Youth
Abdel-Aziz was the head of the Shooting Club, a private sports club in Giza, and then became chairman of the National Council of Youth. He is a member of the Egypt Party, founded by Islamic preacher Amr Khaled.
Abdel-Aziz was also the director of the 2006 football African Cup of Nations, which Egypt hosted and won.
He was nominated by Khaled Talimeh, a famous political activist and a member of the Popular Current. Talimeh will become the vice minister.
Laila Rashed Iskandar - Minister of Environment
Laila Iskandar is an Egyptian social entrepreneur who has worked on environmental projects that have received international recognition.
She has worked extensively with garbage collectors in Cairo, particularly the community in Moqattam, winning the Goldman Environmental Prize in 1994 for her work. She also set up a recycling project in Sinai working with the local community.
Iskandar is the chairperson of CID Consulting (Community and International Development Group) that works with garbage collectors in Cairo on environmental initiatives such as recycling.
CID Consulting received the award for Social Entrepreneur of the Year from the Schwab Foudnation at the World Economic Forum in 2006. Iskandar received the award from then-prime minister Ahmed Nazif in Sharm El-Sheikh where the forum was held.
Iskandar studied economics and political science at Cairo University. She then went on to gain a master`s in teaching and a doctorate in education at UC Berkeley, California and Columbia University, New York respectively.
Maha El-Rabat - Minister of Health
Rabat is the head of the public health department at Qasr Al-Aini Medical School at Cairo University. The first woman to hold this position, she graduated from the faculty of medicine at Cairo University in 1982.
According to news reports, state body the National Council for Women nominated Rabat for the ministerial position.
Some activists such as Mamdouh Hamzah have accused Rabat of being complicit in the privatization of public hospitals during the Mubarak regime.
Mahmoud Abul-Nasr - Minister of Education
Abul-Nasr was formerly head of the ministry’s technical education sector.
He is currently a faculty member of Cairo University’s mechanical engineering department.
Mohamed Abdel-Muttalib - Minister of Irrigation
Abdel-Muttalib has been the chairman of the National Water Resource Centre since 2012. He has over twenty-five years of experience in the field of water resources management.
He holds a doctorate from Colorado State University and is a member of the World Water Council.
Mohamed Abu Shadi - Minister of Supply
Abu Shadi, a police general, was formerly the senior interior ministry official responsible for investigating supply crimes.
Abu Shadi also served as the head of the internal trade sector in the Ministry of Trade and Industry under Rashid Mohamed Rashid, the last trade minister under ousted president Hosni Mubarak.
The new minister is in charge of distributing state-subsidized food and fuel. One of his biggest challenges will be to put an end to the chronic fuel shortages that Egypt has been experiencing in recent months.
Mohamed Amin El-Mahdy - Minister of Transitional Justice and National Reconciliation
An international judge and a prominent lawmaker, El-Mahdy, seventy-seven, is a member of the advisory committee of the Cairo Regional Centre for International Commercial Arbitration (CRCICA) and the National Human Rights Council.
Graduating with a degree in law in 1956, El-Mahdy started out as an associate in the technical office of late Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, and later became an advisor to the justice and finance ministers.
Over his extensive career, El-Mahdy has assumed several leading judicial posts. From October 2000 to September 2001, he chaired the Egyptian State Council and the High Administrative Court.
From 1994 to 1997, he served as a constitutional advisor to the Kuwaiti emir.
He was the only Egyptian judge to serve as member of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the body is tasked with prosecuting crimes committed during the wars in the former Yugoslavia.
In 2007, El-Mahdy was selected by the United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon to be member of the United Nations-backed tribunal trying suspects in the 2005 assassination of Lebanese prime minister Rafiq Hariri.
Following the January 25 revolution, El-Mahdy served as member of a national fact-finding committee tasked with investigation into violations that took place during the uprising.
He also heads a national committee tasked with retrieving Egyptian funds from overseas.
His post – minister of transitional justice and national reconciliation - is a new role, replacing the old position of minister of justice.
Mohamed Ibrahim - Minister of Antiquities
Ibrahim was the minister of antiquities in the cabinet under ex-prime minister Kamel Ganzouri in December 2012, and continued in the role under the premiership of Hisham Qandil until May 2013.
A professor of antiquities at the faculty of arts in Ain Shams University, Ibrahim has many critics among Egyptian archaeologists and Egyptologists, including the employees of the ministry.
A webpage representing employees of the antiquities ministry announced their rejection of Ibrahim`s selection and their plans to go on strike and stage a sit-in, without specifying a time frame, in front of the ministry building in Cairo`s Zamalek district to prevent Ibrahim from entering.
Critics of Ibrahim say that during his tenure he failed to address ministry corruption, did not provide temporary ministry employees with permanent contracts, and allowed the situation of Egypt’s antiquities to deteriorate.
Mohamed Ibrahim - Minister of the Interior
Ibrahim was originally appointed in a cabinet reshuffle in January 2013, and is one of the few ministers to keep his post after the ouster of former president Mohamed Morsi.
In May, he received a two-year prison sentence for "refusing to implement a court ruling" of paying a fine to two political prisoners who were released. However, Ibrahim appealed the verdict, won the case, and remained minister of interior.
Mohamed Mokhtar Gomaa - Minister of Religious Endowments
Gomaa is dean of the Faculty of Islamic Studies at Al-Azhar University, and a member Al-Azhar’s senior clerical institute.
He was born in 1939 in Qaliyubia governorate, and earned his bachelor’s degree in 1965 in Arabic studies; he later completed a master`s and a doctorate.
Gomaa worked at several newspapers as an Arabic proofreader and has been a member of the Journalists Syndicate since 1972.
He is also the author of several books on religion.
Mohamed Saber Arab - Minister of Culture
Mohamed Saber Arab is a history professor at Al-Azhar University. He was head of the Egyptian National Library and Archives from 2006 until May 2012.
He was appointed Minister of Culture in May 2012, succeeding Shaker Abdel-Hamid. Arab resigned from the post in June to be allowed to win a state prize for social sciences worth two hundred thousand Egyptian pounds, which sparked controversy at the time.
Arab was reinstated in Hisham Qandil’s cabinet in June 2012.
Arab resigned again in January 2013 in protest at brutal treatment of anti-government protesters by police. However, he returned to his position shortly afterwards at the request of Qandil.
He was replaced by controversial figure Alaa Abdel-Aziz in the cabinet reshuffle of May 2013, who faced weeks of protests from members of the arts community after his sackings of high profile culture ministry figures.
Arab was not the first choice for the role of culture minister; the job was first offered to Ines Abdel-Dayem, former head of the Cairo Opera House, who turned it down.
Mounir Fakhry Abdel-Nour - Minister of Industry
Abdel-Nour is one of the ex-ministers that claimed to have been offered and refused a ministerial position under recently ousted president Mohamed Morsi.
He is currently secretary-general of the National Salvation Front, Egypt`s main opposition bloc under Morsi’s regime.
The sixty-eight-year-old politician served as Egypt’s tourism minister from February 2011 until August 2012 under the cabinet of Essam Sharaf, the first post-revolution prime minister.
At the time secretary-general of the Wafd Party, he was the first minister from an opposition party to hold a cabinet post for thirty years.
The Coptic minister is also the founder of the Egyptian Finance Company and was a member of the National Council for Human Rights. He also sits on the board of directors for the Egyptian Federation of Industries and the Egyptian Competition Authority.
Nabil Fahmy - Minister of Foreign Affairs
Fahmy, a former Egyptian ambassador to the US, will assume the role of foreign minister in place of Mohamed Kamel Amr who has been in the post since July 2011.
Fahmy, who is dean of the School of Global Affairs and Public Policy at the American University in Cairo, was Egypt`s ambassador to the US from 1999 to 2008.
Previously, he was the country`s ambassador to Japan from 1997 to 1999. He also served as the political advisor to Egypt`s foreign minister from 1992 to 1997.
The career diplomat worked extensively on issues of Middle East peace and regional disarmament.
Fahmy was born in New York in 1951. He received a bachelor`s degree in physics and mathematics and a master`s in management, both from the American University in Cairo.
Osama Saleh - Minister of Investment
Saleh served as investment minister from August 2012 to May 2013 in the government of ousted president Mohamed Morsi. He was then replaced by Yehia Hamed, a spokesperson for the Muslim Brotherhood`s political arm, the Freedom and Justice Party, from which Morsi hails.
Born in 1960 and a graduate of Cairo University`s faculty of commerce, Saleh served as chairman of Egypt`s General Authority for Free Zones and Investment (GAFI), a governmental entity concerned with regulating and facilitating foreign and domestic investment, from 2009 until his instatement as minister.
Saleh told Ahram that he accepted the ministerial post offered to him by interim Prime Minister Hazem El-Beblawi after former tourism minister Mounir Fakhry Abdel-Nour turned it down. Saleh said that despite the "difficult time" the country was experiencing, he would complete the mission he had begun while in office, in particular by encouraging investment.
Saleh said he is confident that the general climate in Egypt will attract investments once the situation settles down, referring to ongoing political unrest in the wake of Morsi’s ouster.
Ramzy George - Minister of Scientific Research
Born in 1963, George graduated from the faculty of agriculture at Cairo University in 1984.
He pursued an academic career and is a professor at Cairo University.
Reda Hafez - Minister of Military Production
Air Marshall Reda Hafez, sixty-one, has been the commander of the Egyptian Air Force since 2008. He has served in the air force since 1972 and held several command posts over his career.
The air marshal is a member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF), which ruled Egypt from February 2011 to June 2012.
Hafez is one of the handful of ministers appointed by Morsi to keep his position in this cabinet reshuffle.
Sherif Ismail - Minister of Petroleum
Ismail`s name was not announced until just before the swearing-in on 16 July. Another name, Mohamed Shoeb, had been circulating as the person expected to be appointed to the ministry.
Ismail is chairman of the state-owned Ganoub El-Wadi Petroleum Holding Company which manages exploration and production concessions, establishes joint ventures with private companies and constructs oil infrastructure.
Taher Abu Zeid - Minister of Sports
Abu Zeid, fifty-one, was a star of the Egyptian national football team in the 1980s, helping the Pharaohs to win the 1986 African Cup of Nations trophy.
He also starred with Cairo-based club Ahly, collecting a large number of trophies and awards.
He succeeds El-Amry Farouk in the role of sports minister, who resigned on 2 July.
[This article originally appeared on Ahram Online.]