Gizem Zencirci, The Muslim Social: Neoliberalism, Charity, and Poverty in Turkey (New Texts Out Now)

Gizem Zencirci, The Muslim Social: Neoliberalism, Charity, and Poverty in Turkey (New Texts Out Now)

Gizem Zencirci, The Muslim Social: Neoliberalism, Charity, and Poverty in Turkey (New Texts Out Now)

By : Gizem Zencirci

Gizem Zencirci, The Muslim Social: Neoliberalism, Charity, and Poverty in Turkey (Syracuse University Press, 2024).

Jadaliyya (J): What made you write this book?

Gizem Zencirci (GZ): Like most first books, this book grew out of my dissertation. Initially, I was drawn to the proliferation of charitable advertisements, campaigns, and slogans in the Turkish public sphere. The rise of organized, professional forms of charity—popular among both Islamic and secularist groups—sought to cultivate solidarity between distant strangers and were thus fundamentally different from earlier forms of charitable giving that occurred informally among family members and neighborhoods. At the same time, I was puzzled with the conflation of private charity and public welfare—a major political strategy of the AKP government and a key aspect of neoliberalism. Thus, one initial impetus for the book was my desire to understand the transformation of the social fabric in Turkey. 

In addition, my book’s analytical focus on the assemblages between Islamic values and neoliberal elements reflects my attempt to rethink some of the assumptions between capitalism and religion. The literature on this topic tends to posit Muslims either as outsiders or victims of neoliberal capitalism. In contrast, I wanted to present a nuanced account of the connections between Islamic concerns about care, community, and charity and neoliberal elements such as privatization, marketization, and individualization. The result is a political anthropology of poverty governance in a Muslim-majority context.

Each one of these Islamic social projects articulates the relationship between Islam and capitalism in a distinctive but interrelated manner.

J: What particular topics, issues, and literatures does the book address?

GZ: The book seeks to understand the emergence of a novel governmental apparatus which treats social problems primarily as matters of technical management and emotional well-being, a concept I term the “Muslim Social.” It does this by examining the discursive claims and political implications of four Islamic social projects that are prevalent in Turkey: civilizational revival, populist reform, humanitarian responsibility, and spiritual sanctuary. Each one of these Islamic social projects articulates the relationship between Islam and capitalism in a distinctive but interrelated manner. In each chapter, I trace the production of each project by analyzing the reinterpretation of Islamic charitable traditions, institutions, and practices, and analyze the political implications of these novel discourses in domains such as welfare provision, civil society, humanitarian aid, and volunteer work. I argue that these multi-faceted efforts point to the advent of the Muslim Social.

The book brings together literatures on neoliberal governmentality, social welfare regimes, and Islamic charity in an innovative way. It also borrows from several different disciplines such as anthropology, cultural studies, and political science. This eclectic approach is also reflected in the book’s main analytical and theoretical framework of assemblages: a way of bringing together aspects of social and political life that are not commonly studied together. 

J: How does this book connect to and/or depart from your previous work?

GZ: This book brings together my interest in Islamic politics, the cultural economy of neoliberalism, and the politicization of Ottoman-Islamic heritage in Turkey. Like previous articles that I have published on these topics, The Muslim Social emphasizes the dynamic nature of these encounters, thereby refraining from presenting a monolithic account of Islamic neoliberalism. 

J: Who do you hope will read this book, and what sort of impact would you like it to have?

GZ: I imagine this book would be enjoyed by those interested in the everyday politics of neoliberalism. It demonstrates how neoliberalism works by incorporating languages of care and community, but also shows that the “social” cannot be entirely reduced to the market. I believe that examining this productive tension between communitarian ethics and market logics is essential for understanding the contemporary moment. 

At the same time, I hope that this book has an impact on scholarship about Islamist social services, which often uses an instrumentalist or institutionalist approach that focuses either on patron-client relationships, mechanisms for vote-buying, or the transformation of the state’s welfare capacity. By contrast, The Muslim Social approaches this issue by privileging a cultural lens that emphasizes the dynamic and fluid power of meaning-making practices. 

More broadly, for scholars of Islam, I think the book presents several themes. First, it highlights the power of interpretation and the importance of a situated analysis, instead of relying on sweeping generalizations about Islamic teachings on polity, economy, justice, or poverty. Second, the book also demonstrates the plurality—and indeterminacy—of Islamic politics in Turkey, thereby moving beyond the conventional frameworks of democracy versus authoritarianism that are often deployed to understand the politics of the Middle East.  

Finally, I hope that the book will speak to those interested in questions of heritage. On the one hand, The Muslim Social illustrates the creative ways in which religious, imperial, and cultural heritage can be used and abused by those in positions of political authority. On the other hand, it also shows that the everyday life of heritage politics often transcends the intentions of those who are in power. For this reason, I think that the book offers one model for heritage scholars interested in exploring the Janus-faced dimensions of heritage politics. 

J: What other projects are you working on now?

GZ: I am working on a new project partially funded by the InHerit-Heritage in Transformation Centre for Advanced Study at Humboldt University, Berlin. This project examines the new heritage politics in Turkey which portray Ottoman ahi (craft guilds) institutions as models for Islamic capitalism. It grew out of my involvement in The Islamic Intellectual Field and Political Theorizing in Turkey” research group. More broadly, I am trying to understand the ways in which the relationship between Islam and the economy have been theorized by Muslim intellectuals in Turkey, and I plan to map the different articulations of business ethics, equality, justice, and labor relations that animate these discussions. Although the conceptualization of these issues varies across time and depends on each intellectual’s perspective, there is also a long-term continuity in the ways in which these intellectuals seek to conceptualize “Islamic economy” from a decolonial perspective. My next book will hopefully examine these productive—and underexamined—intellectual encounters between Islam, decoloniality, and heritage politics. 

J: How do you see the future of the Muslim Social in Turkey? 

GZ: While the recent municipal elections (March 2024) show that the AKP may be losing its authoritarian grip, I think that the governmental technologies introduced during the advent of the Muslim Social will persevere. By now, these governmental technologies—which approach social problems as matters of technical management and emotional well-being—are widely accepted by community groups, NGOs, and numerous political parties as examples of good governance. Having said that, the emphasis on the Islamic nature of social assistance may diminish even if the institutions, practices, and technologies remain the same. Thus, I would say that the Muslim Social is here to stay, regardless of the political shifts the future of Turkey may hold. 

 

Excerpt from the book (from the Introduction, pp. 1-8) 

When I met Ibrahim in 2010, he was the forty-five-year-old manager of a small Islamic nongovernmental organization (NGO) in Ankara, Turkey. Ibrahim had been involved in Islamic charity networks since his youth. On this particular day, I was scheduled to meet Ibrahim in his office. When I arrived, I observed that a group of people—mostly young women and their children—were standing outside the entrance. Later, I realized that they were waiting for their names to be called so that they could go inside and collect their aid. Inside, I found Ibrahim with two visitors from the governor’s office discussing a new poverty relief project that would be administered jointly with the local government. After his visitors left and we completed our interview, Ibrahim wanted to show me around. The NGO had recently moved into this new building which had been provided by the Justice and Development Party’s (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP) municipality for free. Ibrahim apologized for “the mess” and explained that “things were not yet organized.” Even so, he introduced me to a number of volunteers who were preparing for the “assistance distribution day.” A young man was checking records on a computer, while a young woman was attaching the list of “recipients” to a brown clipboard before stepping outside to let people in. These volunteers worked from an office that had a large wooden desk, new corporate-style furniture, and freshly painted light-blue walls. Five large file cabinets stood against one of the walls, while four chairs were lined up against another one. Ibrahim explained to me that they were in the process of transferring their old files into a new computer database.

After showing me how the electronic database worked, Ibrahim then walked me to the social market—the NGO’s largest room where they stored most of the donated goods and other available items. The spatial organization of this warehouse resembled that of a commercial supermarket. As we walked down aisles of nonperishable food, weather-appropriate clothing, and other household items, Ibrahim told me about their “donation management system,” which allowed them to account for donated items “as if they were a real business.” At one point, he stopped to pick up a pair of red children’s shoes and showed me the barcodes affixed to their soles. In an excited voice, he explained: “You see, every item here has a barcode. This type of work cannot be done with 90% certainty; it must be 100%. We are responsible for the donations that are entrusted to us. We need to be able to account for these items because we will be questioned about our actions in the afterlife. We do not want recipients to feel humiliated; we want them to feel like they are in a real supermarket. It is important that they have a dignified experience.”

Ibrahim’s account represents a peculiar assemblage that has become normalized in the field of Islamic charity in Turkey. Charitable giving is part of a longstanding religious tradition that ordains Muslims to be generous toward those who are less fortunate. This aspect of the Islamic faith can be seen here in the collection of monetary and in-kind donations which are later redistributed to the poor and the needy. Except, Ibrahim’s reasoning merged a religious sensibility with a managerial logic: each one of the donated items had to be registered and accounted for. In his mind, such a combination was instrumental for serving the needs of the poor in a dignified—and Islamic—manner. He thus cared about the emotional experience of aid recipients as much as he tended to their eternal salvation. This was precisely what he—and his co-workers—sought to bring about by curating an experience for aid recipients that resembled a visit to a commercial supermarket. Ibrahim was an observant Muslim who prayed in the corner of his office during the workday. He refrained from shaking my hand and avoided making direct eye contact during our conversations. He often invited his female secretary to join us so that we would not be alone in a room. But he also believed that enhancing the emotional well-being of beneficiaries through managerial innovations was an extension of his Islamic devotion. His articulation of faith-based giving through an assemblage of religious, administrative, and emotional concerns is emblematic of a larger shift in the field of social service provision in Turkey.

How does one make sense of Ibrahim’s expression of Islamic charity through a vocabulary of managerial practices alongside his concerns about the emotional well-being of aid recipients? What does such a juxtaposition of religious values, managerial rationalities, and affective politics tell us about poverty governance in Turkey? What kind of a welfare regime emerges when private charity is neither excluded nor merely tolerated, but rather actively incorporated into the governmental apparatus?

The Muslim Social suggests that these questions can best be answered by studying the politics of “small things” (Cruikshank 1999, 1)—such as a barcode placed on a donated pair of red children’s shoes. These seemingly mundane details, I claim, are technologies of government that arrange and configure social bonds, encounters, and relations. Through an analysis of Islamic neoliberalism as a governmental assemblage, I examine the advent of the Muslim Social—an entire apparatus that seeks to govern poverty in accordance with multiple Islamic social projects, and which I argue, treats the social as a problem of technical management and affective attachment. … The Muslim Social emerges as a complex phenomenon, embracing the legitimacy of transparency, of new public management, a higher moral value placed on formal social relationships, stricter methods of inspection, and an elaborate system for administering the collection of donations and the distribution of funds. These technologies of managerialism shaped—and were shaped by—an Islamic language of care, compassion, and charity that cultivated public sentiments among Turkish citizens. 

In the midst of these transformations, the AKP introduced a series of legal-institutional reforms that revamped the welfare regime. … Throughout the 2000s, one can thus observe the emergence of a new strategy for governing the social; this concern over the lack of “organization” was shared by public and private actors who argued that the unproductive use of experts, programs, and resources was partly caused by the eradication of Islamic socio-economic customs, practices, and institutions. The primary objectives of welfare reform were twofold: to improve governmental interventions, mechanisms, and programs of social service provision, and to achieve these goals within an “Islamic” framework—combining a nostalgic rendering of the Ottoman imperial past, a selective reading of the Republican state tradition, and a nuanced disavowal of Kemalist ideology. In the process of designing and instituting a neoliberal welfare regime, the AKP and its supporters turned to faith-based notions of care, charity, and compassion. A series of conferences, forums, and workshops were organized during the early 2000s. These venues brought together intellectuals, bureaucrats, and civil society practitioners who debated the role of religion in poverty alleviation, and envisioned multiple Islamic social imaginaries to this end. Consequently, a complex web of interventions, technologies, practices, and rationalities were deployed to find Islamic solutions to modern-day problems. “Government through community” (Rose 1996) gradually became the standard, transforming state–civil society relations, the balance between public welfare and private charity, as well as institutional norms and cultural meanings.

Instead of marking a retreat into traditional belief systems or exemplifying the co-optation of local pristine values by capitalist modernity, the political deployment of “community” in Turkey resembles forms of neoliberal governance elsewhere. … By neoliberalism, I am referring to an assemblage of flexible elements that are articulated by local actors in context-specific ways. Such a definition privileges local contexts at the expense of a top-down notion of neoliberalism “as a thing that acts in the world” (Kingfisher and Maskovsky 2008, 118). Assemblage thinking, as a theoretical device, repudiates treating Islam and neoliberalism as uniform entities with deterministic outcomes. Instead, it invites close attention to how each is reproduced, circulated, and lived in practice. In doing so, assemblage thinking makes it possible to highlight not only the malleability of neoliberalism but also the plurality of Islamic piety. Assemblage, thus, is a way of making visible something that is already there: the co-constitution of religious and social experience. Moreover, conceptualizing Islamic neoliberalism as a governmental assemblage intervenes in the assumed dichotomies of global/local, market/community, and universal/particular—binaries that continue to constrain scholarship on religious politics and economic globalization in non-Western contexts. Since Islam is conceptualized as the West’s anthropological other, too often it is taken to represent a local sense of pristine “community.” But the people whose experiences, ideas, and practices form the focus of this book uphold neoliberal elements, such as commodification, entrepreneurialism, privatization, and individualization, as much as they endorse communitarian values, such as belonging, compassion, and solidarity. A focus on assemblage, therefore, allows acknowledging that community is not external to, but constitutive of, Islamic neoliberalism.

New Texts Out Now: Mandy Turner and Cherine Hussein, guest eds. "Israel-Palestine after Oslo: Mapping Transformations in a Time of Deepening Crisis." Special Issue of Conflict, Security & Development

Conflict, Security and Development, Volume 15, No. 5 (December 2015) Special issue: "Israel-Palestine after Oslo: Mapping Transformations in a Time of Deepening Crisis," Guest Editors: Mandy Turner and Cherine Hussein.

Jadaliyya (J): What made you compile this volume?

Mandy Turner (MT): Both the peace process and the two-state solution are dead. Despite more than twenty years of negotiations, Israel’s occupation, colonization and repression continue–and the political and geographical fragmentation of the Palestinian people is proceeding apace.

This is not news, nor is it surprising to any keen observer of the situation. But what is surprising–and thus requires explanation – is the resilience of the Oslo framework and paradigm: both objectively and subjectively. It operates objectively as a straitjacket by trapping Palestinians in economic and security arrangements that are designed to ensure stabilization and will not to lead to sovereignty or a just and sustainable solution. And it operates subjectively as a straitjacket by shutting out discussion of alternative ways of understanding the situation and ways out of the impasse. The persistence of this framework that is focused on conflict management and stabilization, is good for Israel but bad for Palestinians.

The Oslo peace paradigm–of a track-one, elite-level, negotiated two-state solution–is therefore in crisis. And yet it is entirely possible that the current situation could continue for a while longer–particularly given the endorsement and support it enjoys from the major Western donors and the “international community,” as well as the fact that there has been no attempt to develop an alternative. The immediate short-term future is therefore bleak.

Guided by these observations, this special issue sought to undertake two tasks. The first task was to analyze the perceptions underpinning the Oslo framework and paradigm as well as some of the transformations instituted by its implementation: why is it so resilient, what has it created? The second task, which follows on from the first, was then to ask: how can we reframe our understanding of what is happening, what are some potential alternatives, and who is arguing and mobilizing for them?

These questions and themes grew out of a number of conversations with early-career scholars – some based at the Kenyon Institute in East Jerusalem, and some based in the occupied Palestinian territory and elsewhere. These conversations led to two interlinked panels at the International Studies Association annual convention in Toronto, Canada, in March 2014. To have two panels accepted on “conflict transformation and resistance in Palestine” at such a conventional international relations conference with (at the time unknown) early-career scholars is no mean feat. The large and engaged audience we received at these panels – with some very established names coming along (one of whom contributed to this special issue) – convinced us that this new stream of scholars and scholarship should have an outlet.  

J: What particular topics, issues, and literatures do the articles address?

MT: The first half of the special issue analyzes how certain problematic assumptions shaped the Oslo framework, and how the Oslo framework in turn shaped the political, economic and territorial landscape.

Virginia Tilley’s article focuses on the paradigm of conflict resolution upon which the Oslo Accords were based, and calls for a re-evaluation of what she argues are the two interlinked central principles underpinning its worldview: internationally accepted notions of Israeli sovereignty; and the internationally accepted idea that the “conflict” is essentially one between two peoples–the “Palestinian people” and the “Jewish people”. Through her critical interrogation of these two “common sense” principles, Tilley proposes that the “conflict” be reinterpreted as an example of settler colonialism, and, as a result of this, recommends an alternative conflict resolution model based on a paradigm shift away from an ethno-nationalist division of the polity towards a civic model of the nation.

Tariq Dana unpacks another central plank of the Oslo paradigm–that of promoting economic relations between Israel and the OPT. He analyses this through the prism of “economic peace” (particularly the recent revival of theories of “capitalist peace”), whose underlying assumptions are predicated on the perceived superiority of economic approaches over political approaches to resolving conflict. Dana argues that there is a symbiosis between Israeli strategies of “economic peace” and recent Palestinian “statebuilding strategies” (referred to as Fayyadism), and that both operate as a form of pacification and control because economic cooperation leaves the colonial relationship unchallenged.

The political landscape in the OPT has been transformed by the Oslo paradigm, particularly by the creation of the Palestinian Authority (PA). Alaa Tartir therefore analyses the basis, agenda and trajectory of the PA, particularly its post-2007 state building strategy. By focusing on the issue of local legitimacy and accountability, and based on fieldwork in two sites in the occupied West Bank (Balata and Jenin refugee camps), Tartir concludes that the main impact of the creation of the PA on ordinary people’s lives has been the strengthening of authoritarian control and the hijacking of any meaningful visions of Palestinian liberation.

The origin of the administrative division between the West Bank and Gaza Strip is the focus of Tareq Baconi’s article. He charts how Hamas’s initial opposition to the Oslo Accords and the PA was transformed over time, leading to its participation (and success) in the 2006 legislative elections. Baconi argues that it was the perceived demise of the peace process following the collapse of the Camp David discussions that facilitated this change. But this set Hamas on a collision course with Israel and the international community, which ultimately led to the conflict between Hamas and Fateh, and the administrative division, which continues to exist.

The special issue thereafter focuses, in the second section, on alternatives and resistance to Oslo’s transformations.

Cherine Hussein’s article charts the re-emergence of the single-state idea in opposition to the processes of separation unleashed ideologically and practically that were codified in the Oslo Accords. Analysing it as both a movement of resistance and as a political alternative to Oslo, while recognizing that it is currently largely a movement of intellectuals (particularly of diaspora Palestinians and Israelis), Hussein takes seriously its claim to be a more just and liberating alternative to the two-state solution.

My article highlights the work of a small but dedicated group of anti-Zionist Jewish-Israeli activists involved in two groups: Zochrot and Boycott from Within. Both groups emerged in the post-Second Intifada period, which was marked by deep disillusionment with the Oslo paradigm. This article unpacks the alternative – albeit marginalized – analysis, solution and route to peace proposed by these groups through the application of three concepts: hegemony, counter-hegemony and praxis. The solution, argue the activists, lies in Israel-Palestine going through a process of de-Zionization and decolonization, and the process of achieving this lies in actions in solidarity with Palestinians.

This type of solidarity action is the focus of the final article by Suzanne Morrison, who analyses the “We Divest” campaign, which is the largest divestment campaign in the US and forms part of the wider Palestinian Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement. Through attention to their activities and language, Morrison shows how “We Divest”, with its networked, decentralized, grassroots and horizontal structure, represents a new way of challenging Israel’s occupation and the suppression of Palestinian rights.

The two parts of the special issue are symbiotic: the critique and alternative perspectives analyzed in part two are responses to the issues and problems identified in part one.

J: How does this volume connect to and/or depart from your previous work?

MT: My work focuses on the political economy of donor intervention (which falls under the rubric of “peacebuilding”) in the OPT, particularly a critique of the Oslo peace paradigm and framework. This is a product of my broader conceptual and historical interest in the sociology of intervention as a method of capitalist expansion and imperial control (as explored in “The Politics of International Intervention: the Tyranny of Peace”, co-edited with Florian Kuhn, Routledge, 2016), and how post-conflict peacebuilding and development agendas are part of this (as explored in “Whose Peace: Critical Perspectives on the Political Economy of Peacebuilding”, co-edited with Michael Pugh and Neil Cooper (PalgraveMacmillan, 2008).  

My first book on Palestine (co-edited with Omar Shweiki), Decolonizing Palestinian Political Economy: De-development and Beyond (PalgraveMacmillan, 2014), was a collection of essays by experts in their field, of the political-economic experience of different sections of the Palestinian community. The book, however, aimed to reunite these individual experiences into one historical political-economy narrative of a people experiencing a common theme of dispossession, disenfranchisement and disarticulation. It was guided by the desire to critically assess the utility of the concept of de-development to different sectors and issues–and had a foreword by Sara Roy, the scholar who coined the term, and who was involved in the workshop from which the book emerged.

This co-edited special issue (with Cherine Hussein, who, at the time of the issue construction, was the deputy director of the Kenyon Institute) was therefore the next logical step in my research on Palestine, although my article on Jewish-Israeli anti-Zionists did constitute a slight departure from my usual focus.

J: Who do you hope will read this volume, and what sort of impact would you like it to have?

MT: I would imagine the main audience will be those whose research and political interests lie in Palestine Studies. It is difficult, given the structure of academic publishing – which has become ever more corporate and money grabbing – for research outputs such as this to be accessed by the general public. Only those with access to academic libraries are sure to be able to read it – and this is a travesty, in my opinion. To counteract this commodification of knowledge, we should all provide free access to our outputs through online open source websites such as academia.edu, etc. If academic research is going to have an impact beyond merely providing more material for teaching and background reading for yet more research (which is inaccessible to the general public) then this is essential. Websites such as Jadaliyya are therefore incredibly important.

Having said all that, I am under no illusions about the potential for ANY research on Israel-Palestine to contribute to changing the dynamics of the situation. However, as a collection of excellent analyses conducted by mostly early-career scholars in the field of Palestine studies, I am hopeful that their interesting and new perspectives will be read and digested. 

J: What other projects are you working on now?

MT: I am currently working on an edited volume provisionally entitled From the River to the Sea: Disintegration, Reintegration and Domination in Israel and Palestine. This book is the culmination of a two-year research project funded by the British Academy, which analyzed the impacts of the past twenty years of the Oslo peace framework and paradigm as processes of disintegration, reintegration and domination – and how they have created a new socio-economic and political landscape, which requires new agendas and frameworks. I am also working on a new research project with Tariq Dana at Birzeit University on capital and class in the occupied West Bank.

Excerpt from the Editor’s Note 

[Note: This issue was published in Dec. 2015]

Initially perceived to have inaugurated a new era of hope in the search for peace and justice in Palestine-Israel, the Oslo peace paradigm of a track one, elite-level, negotiated two-state solution is in crisis today, if not completely at an end.

While the major Western donors and the ‘international community’ continue to publicly endorse the Oslo peace paradigm, Israeli and Palestinian political elites have both stepped away from it. The Israeli government has adopted what appears to be an outright rejection of the internationally-accepted end-goal of negotiations, i.e. the emergence of a Palestinian state based on the 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital. In March 2015, in the final days of his re-election campaign, Israeli Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, visited the Jewish settlement of Har Homa in Palestinian East Jerusalem, which is regarded as illegal under international law. Reminding its inhabitants that it was him and his Likud government that had established the settlement in 1997 as part of the Israeli state’s vision of a unified indivisible Jerusalem, he promised to expand the construction of settlements in East Jerusalem if re-elected. And in an interview with Israeli news site, NRG, Netanyahu vowed that the prospects of a Palestinian state were non-existent as long as he remained in office. Holding on to the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), he argued, was necessary to ensure Israel’s security in the context of regional instability and Islamic extremism. It is widely acknowledged that Netanyahu’s emphasis on Israel’s security—against both external and internal enemies—gave him a surprise win in an election he was widely expected to lose.

Despite attempts to backtrack under recognition that the US and European states are critical of this turn in official Israeli state policy, Netanyahu’s promise to bury the two-state solution in favour of a policy of further annexation has become the Israeli government’s official intent, and has been enthusiastically endorsed by leading ministers and key advisers.

[…]

The Palestinian Authority (PA) based in the West Bank also appears to have rejected a key principle of the Oslo peace paradigm—that of bilateral negotiations under the supervision of the US. Despite a herculean effort by US Secretary of State, John Kerry, to bring the two parties to the negotiating table, in response to the lack of movement towards final status issues and continued settlement expansion (amongst other issues), the Palestinian political elite have withdrawn from negotiations and resumed attempts to ‘internationalise the struggle’ by seeking membership of international organisations such as the United Nations (UN), and signing international treaties such as the Rome Statute, the founding treaty of the International Criminal Court. This change of direction is part of a rethink in the PA and PLO’s strategy rooted in wider discussions and debates. The publication of a document by the Palestine Strategy Study Group (PSSG) in August 2008, the production of which involved many members of the Palestinian political elite (and whose recommendations were studiously discussed at the highest levels of the PA and PLO), showed widespread discontent with the bilateral negotiations framework and suggested ways in which Palestinians could ‘regain the initiative’.

[…]

And yet despite these changes in official Palestinian and Israeli political strategies that signal a deepening of the crisis, donors and the ‘international community’ are reluctant to accept the failure of the Oslo peace paradigm. This political myopia has meant the persistence of a framework that is increasingly divorced from the possibility of a just and sustainable peace. It is also acting as an ideological straitjacket by shutting out alternative interpretations. This special issue seeks a way out of this political and intellectual dead end. In pursuit of this, our various contributions undertake what we regard to be two key tasks: first, to critically analyse the perceptions underpinning the Oslo paradigm and the transformations instituted by its implementation; and second, to assess some alternative ways of understanding the situation rooted in new strategies of resistance that have emerged in the context of these transformations in the post-Oslo landscape.

[…]

Taken as a whole, the articles in this special issue aim to ignite conversations on the conflict that are not based within abstracted debates that centre upon the peace process itself—but that begin from within the realities and geographies of both the continually transforming land of Palestine-Israel and the voices, struggles, worldviews and imaginings of the future of the people who presently inhabit it. For it is by highlighting these transformations, and from within these points of beginning, that we believe more hopeful pathways for alternative ways forward can be collectively imagined, articulated, debated and built.